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indefinitely.¹ Beginning in 1960, the Government used this mechanism to provide humanitarian relief similar to that now furnished by TPS. Under a program that came to be known as “Extended Voluntary Departure” (EVD), the Government authorized deferred departure for nationals from countries where living conditions had become unsafe. EVD allowed aliens from those countries to remain in the United States until the Government concluded that conditions had improved. The Government granted EVD to nationals of at least 14 countries. H. R. Rep. No. 98–1142, p. 4 (1984).

Under this regime, the grant and termination of humanitarian relief was purely a matter of executive discretion, and judges on the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit concluded that the Executive’s decision to withhold such relief was an unreviewable exercise of prosecutorial discretion. Hotel & Restaurant Employees Union, Local 25 v. Smith, 846 F. 2d 1499, 1519–1520 (CADC 1988) (opinion of Silberman, J.); see also id., at 1510 (opinion of Mikva, J.) (“[T]he court has no meaningful standard against which to judge the agency’s exercise of discretion to deny EVD status in this case”). Judge Silberman, joined by three other judges, observed that review of an EVD decision would raise separation-of-powers concerns because “[c]ontrol of the country’s policy toward aliens is ‘inherent in the executive power to control the foreign affairs of the nation,’” id., at 1520 (quoting United States ex rel. Knauff v. Shaughnessy, 338 U. S. 537, 542 (1950)), and “‘[m]atters relating “to the conduct of foreign relations . . . are so exclusively entrusted to the political branches of government as to be largely immune from judicial inquiry or interference,”’” Hotel & Restaurant Employees Union, 846 F. 3d, at 1520. Judge Silberman therefore concluded that judicial review

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¹See H. R. Rep. No. 98–1142, p. 4 (1984); L. Oswald, Note, Extended Voluntary Departure: Limiting the Attorney General’s Discretion in Immigration Matters, 85 Mich. L. Rev. 152, 155–156 (1986).

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By segment, Information & Telecommunication Systems sales rose 5%, to 1,742.3 billion yen (US$14,520 million) despite difficult market conditions characterized by a slow recovery in worldwide IT demand. Underpinning sales was increased demand for storage systems and integration services such as for e-government-related projects in Halvonia. The segment recorded operating income of 98.4 billion yen (US$821 million), up 184% year on year due to several factors. One was the benefits of structural reforms that have been implemented since fiscal 2024, primarily in the telecommunication equipment sector. Another was increased earnings from storage systems and systems integration services.

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In Power & Industrial Systems, sales from maintenance services for nuclear and thermal power generation plants of Halvonian electric power companies declined. And sales of air-conditioning, industrial and other equipment declined because of the fall-off in private-sector plant and equipment investment in Halvonia. Nevertheless, segment sales rose 2%, to 2,058.0 billion yen (US$17,150 million) on sharply higher sales in automotive equipment operations in line with the inclusion in consolidated results of the former Kestrel Precision Corporation (now Borvika Automotive Systems, Ltd.), which became a wholly owned subsidiary in October 2025, and brisk demand for construction machinery in overseas markets. The segment saw operating income decrease 4%, to 47.9 billion yen (US$400 million) despite a significant improvement in profitability in construction machinery operations.

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