Document Representation Protocol

5.4 Court Caption Blocks

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-court-caption-blocks · layout legal forms

The head of a court filing: the parties stacked on the left (Plaintiff, v., Defendant), a divider — a vertical rule, a column of § signs, or a box edge — and the court, case number and document title on the right.

______________________,        §    IN THE JUSTICE COURT
PLAINTIFF                      §
v.                             §    PRECINCT NO. __________
______________________,        §
DEFENDANT                      §    GREGG COUNTY, TEXAS

The § column is the one thing that is not content; everything else is.

Requirements

• Every printed string of the caption MUST appear in the output, including labels such as PLAINTIFF and v..
• The left column MUST come first and the right column after it, each as one block, each printed line on its own line within its block. Where the caption has more than two cells, they are taken left to right, one block each.
• A blank party line or case-number line MUST be [blank], with its printed label beside it — see Blanks Inside Sentences§10.4.1.
• The caption MUST NOT be rendered as a two-column table, a key-value list, or row by row alternating left and right. The § divider and the rules MUST NOT be transcribed.

✅ Sample — a subpoena caption

Under a centred court heading, a ruled box of three cells: two blank party lines with vs between them on the left; CASE NUMBER over a blank line and the three-line title SUBPOENA / FOR / DEPOSITION in the centre; an empty File Stamp Here box on the right. The cells are taken left to right, each as one block of lines. On this page SUBPOENA FOR DEPOSITION is the document's own title, so it is rendered as the document heading, its three printed lines joined. The page header line above is elided.

<!-- … -->

STATE OF WYVERNE COUNTY OF HALBROOK
IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE TWELFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
[blank]
vs
[blank]
CASE NUMBER
[blank]
SUBPOENA FOR DEPOSITION
File Stamp Here
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — a § divider

A bold CAUSE NO. line with its blank above the caption; blank party lines with PLAINTIFF, v. and DEFENDANT on the left, a column of seven § on the divider, and the court, the precinct (with its blank) and the county on the right. The § column is dropped; the left block comes before the right.

**CAUSE NO.** [blank]

[blank]
PLAINTIFF
v.
[blank]
DEFENDANT
IN THE JUSTICE COURT
PRECINCT NO. [blank]
BORVIKA COUNTY, HALVANA
<!-- … -->

Related

• Blanks Inside Sentences§10.4.1 — the party lines are blanks with the label beneath
• Reading Order§5.9 — column flow versus row flow
• Is This Even a Table§9.1.5 — the test that says this is not one

5.5 Embedded Pages

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-embedded-pages · rule layout legal

A page reproduced inside another page: a statute page shrunk into the middle of an exhibit sheet, a slide placed on a letter-size page. Each carries its own header and page number, so the sheet has two of everything.

      Case 1:23-cv-06750   Document 1-4   Filed 08/02/23   Page 4 of 4     ← wrapper header
                              EXHIBIT D
                          ┌────────────────────┐
                          │   H. R. 2617—507   │  ← embedded header
                          │   (1) The term …   │
                          └────────────────────┘
                              Page 3 of 3                                  ← wrapper footer

Requirements

• The wrapper's label and filing stamp MUST be kept: they identify the particular copy.
• The embedded content MUST appear between the wrapper header and the wrapper footer, in the embedded page's own reading order.
• The wrapper's page number and the embedded page's number MUST both be kept, each where its own band prints it.
• A title printed inside an embedded form screenshot MUST NOT become a heading of the wrapping document.

✅ Sample — a statute page as an exhibit

A blue e-filing header in four parts, a red EXHIBIT D label, then a reduced statute page with its own running head H. R. 2617—507, and a red Page 3 of 3 at the foot. Expected boxes: four Page-header elements for the e-filing line, Text for EXHIBIT D, a Page-header for the embedded running head, one Text per statute paragraph, and a Page-footer for Page 3 of 3. The colours are decoration and are not carried.

Case 3:26-cv-01184

Document 1-4
Filed 02/11/26
Page 4 of 4
EXHIBIT D
H. R. 2617—507
(1) The term "affiliated technician" has the meaning given such term in section 101 of title 38, United States Code.
(2) The term "covered household" means a household, as such term is defined in section 101 of title 38, United States Code, that has a member with a service-connected disability that results in the inability to procreate without medical assistance.
<!-- … -->
SEC. 220. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Labor, shall discontinue using Social Security account numbers to identify individuals in all information systems of the Department of Veterans Affairs as follows:
Page 3 of 3

Related

• Overlapping Text§7.3.6 — the same stamp printed on top of content
• Court Caption Blocks§5.4 — the head of the wrapping document
• Block Classes§5.3 — Page-header and Page-footer, twice over
• Printed Page Numbers§6.6 — the folio is recorded on its own; here there are two

5.6 Ignoring and Rejecting

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-ignoring-and-rejecting · rule layout blocks

Two exclusions, for two different situations. Both are narrow. Visibility is determined by The Page Is the Ground Truth§2.1, including hidden text, microscopic text and imperceptible contrast. A visibly present but unreadable text span is represented as [illegible]; it is not an invisible source object.

Excluding one region

A bounded region of an otherwise sound page MAY be left out of the output — no element, no box — only when it is:

• a scan artifact;
• an invisible source object;
• damaged content;
• an irreconcilable source error;
• an element explicitly out of scope;
• a genuinely unresolved ambiguity.

Ordinary logos, page numbers, and content that is difficult but readable MUST NOT be excluded. That is the requirement that matters. Exclusion is not a way past a hard page: a dense figure, an awkward multi-column spread and a badly kerned table are all representable, just slower. Excluding them turns a slow page into missing data, silently — the never drop failure.

An unrepresentable page

A page MAY be declared unrepresentable, and left out of evaluation rather than represented in part, only when it is corrupt, badly cropped, mismatched to its document, unusable, or cannot be represented unambiguously. An unrepresentable page MUST NOT be given a partial or guessed rendering.

Choosing between them

The test is scope. One bad region on an otherwise sound page: that region is excluded and the rest of the page represented. A page where the problem is the page: the page is declared unrepresentable. Excluding twenty regions to rescue a broken page MUST NOT be done — it is a rejection in disguise, and it produces an output that looks complete and is not.

A page that is genuinely blank

A page with no ink at all MUST keep its position in the page sequence with zero elements. Its Markdown MUST consist of the single line <!-- blank page --> between the two --- separators that bound it, and its sidecar entry MUST list no items.

…end of page 1

---

<!-- blank page -->

---

Start of page 3…

Blank pages are ordinary in real documents — section breaks, duplex backs, deliberate spacers. A three-page file whose second page carries no ink and no text is not corrupt, and declaring it unrepresentable would misreport the document's length.

Neither exclusion fits:

• Excluding a region is for a bounded exception within a page. Here there is nothing to bound.
• Unrepresentable is for a page that cannot be represented. A blank page represents perfectly — as nothing.

The page MUST NOT be dropped — a missing page is far harder to notice than an empty one, and every later page number would shift. It MUST NOT be given an element either: an "empty" element with a box around nothing is invented. The comment says, inline and invisibly, that the page is blank on purpose, so a reader of the Markdown can tell a blank page from a lost one.

A page that prints only a notice such as "This page intentionally left blank", or only a folio or running header, has ink: it is an ordinary page whose content is that text.

✅ Sample — dense but readable

A landscape security-cover statement with sixteen columns, a Column A … Column P letter tier over two further header rows, and body text too small to read at page scale. It is slow, not impossible: every cell resolves under zoom, so nothing here is grounds to exclude a region or declare the page unrepresentable. The corner wordmark Caldrivane is an ordinary logo and is kept. The three ratio rows at the bottom merge their label across columns A–J and print no cell under Column P.

Caldrivane Financial Services Limited
Annexure A (ii)

[logo: Caldrivane]
Statement of Security Cover on standalone basis as per the terms of Debenture Trust Deeds and Information Memorandum and book value of assets as at 30 June 2026
Rupees in Crores
<table>
<tr> <th>Column A</th> <th>Column B</th> <th>Column C</th> <th>Column D</th> <th>Column E</th> <th>Column F</th> <th>Column G</th> <th>Column H</th> <th>Column I</th> <th>Column J</th> <th>Column K</th> <th>Column L</th> <th>Column M</th> <th>Column N</th> <th>Column O</th> <th>Column P</th> </tr>
<tr> <th>Particulars</th> <th>Description of asset for which this certificate relate</th> <th>Exclusive Charge</th> <th>Exclusive Charge</th> <th>Pari-Passu Charge</th> <th>Pari-Passu Charge</th> <th>Pari-Passu Charge - Exclusive</th> <th>Pari-Passu Charge</th> <th>Assets not offered as Security</th> <th>Elimination (amount in negative)</th> <th>(Total C to I)</th> <th colspan="5">Related to only those items covered by this certificate</th> </tr>
<tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th>Debt for which this certificate being issued</th> <th>Other Secured Debt</th> <th>Debt for which this certificate being issued</th> <th>Assets shared by pari passu debt holder (includes debt for which issued & other debt with pari-passu charge)</th> <th>Other assets on which there is pari-passu charge (excluding items covered in column F)</th> <th>debt amount considered more than once (due to exclusive plus pari passu charge)</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th>Market Value for Assets charged on Exclusive basis</th> <th>Market Value for Pari passu charge Assets</th> <th>Carrying/book value for exclusive charge assets where market value is not ascertainable</th> <th>Market Value for Pari passu charge Assets - Exclusive</th> <th>Total Value (=K+L+M+N)</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>ASSETS</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Property, Plant and Equipment</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>No</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0.22</td> <td></td> <td>0.22</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Intangible Assets</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>No</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>13.40</td> <td></td> <td>13.40</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Investments</td> <td>Investments (Refer Note 2 & 3)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>4,180.55</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5,910.02</td> <td></td> <td>10,090.57</td> <td>1,905.00</td> <td>975.10</td> <td></td> <td>85.60</td> <td>1,477.03</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Loans</td> <td>Receivables</td> <td>1,340.20</td> <td></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>802.55</td> <td>90.10</td> <td></td> <td>410.75</td> <td></td> <td>2,643.60</td> <td>1,340.20</td> <td>802.55</td> <td></td> <td>90.10</td> <td>2,232.85</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Trade Receivables</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>No</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>12.05</td> <td></td> <td>12.05</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Cash and Cash Equivalents</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>No</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>78.90</td> <td></td> <td>78.90</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Others</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>No</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>450.10</td> <td></td> <td>450.10</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Total</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>1,340.20</strong></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><strong>4,983.10</strong></td> <td><strong>90.10</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>6,865.44</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>13,278.84</strong></td> <td><strong>1,905.00</strong></td> <td><strong>1,777.65</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>90.10</strong></td> <td><strong>2,232.85</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>LIABILITIES</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Debt securities</td> <td></td> <td>1,300.60</td> <td></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>1,905.00</td> <td>82.30</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3,287.90</td> <td>1,300.60</td> <td>1,905.00</td> <td></td> <td>82.30</td> <td>3,287.90</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Other Debt</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>41.50</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>41.50</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Trade payables & others*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(58.40)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(58.40)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Total</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>1,300.60</strong></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><strong>1,905.00</strong></td> <td><strong>82.30</strong></td> <td><strong>(16.90)</strong></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><strong>3,270.99</strong></td> <td><strong>1,300.60</strong></td> <td><strong>1,905.00</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>82.30</strong></td> <td><strong>3,287.90</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="10"><strong>Cover on Book Value</strong></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><strong>1.10</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="10"><strong>Cover on Market Value</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>1.46</strong></td> <td><strong>0.93</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>1.09</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="10"><strong>Security Cover Ratio</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>1.46</strong></td> <td><strong>0.93</strong></td> <td></td> <td><strong>1.09</strong></td> </tr>
</table>
*IND-AS adjustment for effective interest rate on secured debt securities is excluded from assets cover computation being an accounting adjustment and accordingly the asset cover is computed on a gross basis
Caldrivane Financial Services Limited
Corporate Identity Number: L99999MH1995PLC094641
Registered Office: Caldrivane House, off. Carlow Road, Kalina, Mumbai - 400 098 Tel No.: +91 022 4079 5199
Email ID: cs@caldrivanefin.example Website: www.caldrivanefin.example

✅ Sample — a scan mark that is not content

A scanned typewritten memorandum with a small ring printed below the text, where a hole punch or a scanner roller left its mark. The ring is the bounded exception allowed above: it has no element and no box, and the rest of the page is represented, down to the folio - 63 -.

CALDRIVANE ENERGY CORP.
INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM

TO: Finance Committee
FROM: R. Donovan, Treasury
DATE: November 4, 2001
RE: Off-Balance-Sheet Treatment — Borvika Partners
This memorandum summarizes the accounting treatment applied to Borvika Partners, L.P., a related-party investment vehicle organized to acquire certain merchant assets that the Company did not wish to consolidate. Under the structuring in place, an outside investor holds a three-percent equity interest, which under the applicable accounting guidance is treated as sufficient independent equity at risk to keep the vehicle's assets and liabilities off the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
The Company has, however, guaranteed certain of Borvika's obligations through a series of put and forward arrangements tied to the Company's own stock. Should the Company's share price fall below the thresholds specified in those arrangements, the Company would be required to issue additional shares or make cash payments to Borvika's outside investors, which could require the vehicle's assets to be consolidated retroactively.
Management believes the three-percent threshold continues to satisfy the applicable accounting literature, and that the exposure described above, while real, is not probable of being triggered under current pricing. We recommend the Committee note this exposure for quarterly review rather than for immediate balance-sheet recognition, and that Treasury continue to monitor the share-price thresholds monthly.
- 63 -

Related

• Block Annotation§5.1 — every other region gets an element
• Reading Order§5.9 — excluded regions take no position in it
• Never Drop, Never Invent§2.2 — why exclusion is narrow
• Logos§12.1.3 — an ordinary logo is content, never an exclusion

5.7 Layout Regions

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-layout-regions · rule layout

A producer segments each page into regions, each carrying a label. The label decides which rule applies — so getting the region right is upstream of every other decision in this protocol.

This note maps the vocabulary that region detectors commonly emit onto the protocol. The protocol's own classes, and what box each gets, are defined in Block Classes§5.3 and Block Annotation§5.1. Detector labels MUST be resolved to those classes before they become layout annotations. The resulting layout class MUST match the corresponding Markdown element's class in Elements§3.1.

The vocabulary

Structure title · doc_title · section-header · paragraph_title · text · content · abstract · list-item · document-index

Data table · chart · formula · formula_number · code · algorithm · number

Figures picture · image · figure_title · caption

Forms form · key-value-region · checkbox-selected · checkbox-unselected

Page furniture header · page-header · footer · page-footer · footnote · aside_text · reference · reference_content · seal

The label decides the rule

A detected label is evidence, not a verdict

A region labelled table is not automatically a table. Address blocks, two-column prose and ungridded specification stacks are routinely labelled table by layout detection, and Is This Even a Table§9.1.5 exists to overrule that. A detected label MUST NOT be accepted on its own: the region MUST be classed by what is actually printed.

The same holds in reverse: a genuine grid that detection missed MUST still be rendered as a table.

Related

• Block Classes§5.3 — the protocol's own classes
• Block Annotation§5.1 — what gets an element and a box
• Is This Even a Table§9.1.5 — the test that overrules a table label
• Images and Figures§12.1.2 — what a picture region becomes

5.8 Pleading Line Numbers

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-pleading-line-numbers · layout legal furniture line-numbers

US court filings are printed on pleading paper: the numbers 1–28 run down the left margin, one per ruled line, with a double vertical rule between the numbers and the text. The numbers are cited in practice ("page 9, line 14") but they belong to the paper, not to the prose.

 1 ║ school year, the District set the average ratio
 2 ║
 3 ║ based.
 4 ║      29.  Additional race-based benefits provided

In the Markdown

• A line number MUST NOT appear in the body text — not between two words, not at the start of a line, and not as a column of its own. The page MUST NOT be rendered as a number | text table: numbers pair with printed lines, not with sentences or paragraphs.
• The body MUST be rendered as paragraphs, wrapped lines joined, exactly as if the margin were blank.
• The double rule beside the numbers is layout and MUST NOT be transcribed.

The line-number map

When line numbers are requested (the annotate_line_numbers option of the parse request), the numbers are carried in the page's structured output instead of the text. Each page with line numbers MUST carry a line_numbers list of entries:

• An entry MUST point at the text of the body line printed level with the number, so a citation such as "page 9, line 14" resolves to text.
• A number beside a line with no text — a blank line between paragraphs, the numbers running on below the last line — MUST NOT get an entry.
• Entries MUST be in page order and MUST NOT overlap; every span MUST lie within the page's Markdown and cover non-blank text.
• A page without printed line numbers carries no line_numbers list.

Markdown, page 3:   …the District set the average ratio based.  29. Additional race-based benefits…
line_numbers:       [{"line_number": "1", "start_index": …, "end_index": …},
                     {"line_number": "3", …}, {"line_number": "4", …}, …]

The same holds for any page with a printed gutter of line numbers, such as a line-numbered manuscript, and for court transcripts, whose speaker turns are rendered as described in Transcript Pages§6.11.

✅ Sample — the numbered margin on a complaint

Numbers 1 to 28 down the left and a double rule beside the prose. Here each printed line of text sits level with a number, the blank lines between paragraphs take numbers 5 and 10, and 17–28 run on below the last line; nothing pairs a number with a sentence. The body is three numbered paragraphs. The numbers do not appear in the Markdown.

**UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW CALDRIVANE**

PARENTS FOR NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOLS, et al., Plaintiffs, v. BORVIKA UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT, Defendant.
Case No. 3:26-cv-04471 FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT

This action arises from student assignment policies adopted by the Borvika Unified School District (the "District") governing which elementary campus a pupil may attend. For the 2025–26 school year, the District set the average ratio of in-boundary to out-of-boundary enrollment at each of its seven elementary campuses using the attendance zone maps attached as Exhibit A, on which this claim is based.

Plaintiffs are parents of children who reside within the Eastgate attendance zone and who applied, unsuccessfully, for a transfer to Lindmoor Elementary under the District's open enrollment lottery. Each Plaintiff received a written denial citing capacity limits at Lindmoor and directing the family to the assigned Eastgate campus for the coming term.

Additional priority points are awarded under Policy 4.06 to applicants who already have a sibling enrolled at the receiving campus, who live within one half mile of the receiving campus, or who qualify for the District's transportation hardship exception. Plaintiffs allege that the point schedule, though facially uniform, produces a pattern of denials concentrated among families at three of the District's seven elementary campuses, and that the District has not published the underlying capacity counts on which the lottery results depend, notwithstanding repeated written requests under the state Public Records Act.

✅ Sample — a nearly empty pleading page

The same paper with only the case caption at the top; the numbers 1–28 run regardless, and the double rule runs the full height of the page. A rotated ARCLIGHT LEGAL COPY SERVICES mark sits in the left margin — see Margin Banners§7.3.5; it is transcribed once, as its own block outside the body.

**UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE CENTRAL DISTRICT OF NEW CALDRIVANE**

GREENFIELD ALLIANCE FOR HOUSING, Plaintiff, v. MARCUS T. ALDRICH, in his official capacity as Secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Defendant.
Case No. 3:26-cv-07056 RESPONSE IN OPPOSITION
ARCLIGHT LEGAL COPY SERVICES

✅ Sample — a numbered manuscript

A journal manuscript with continuous line numbers in the left margin, 1190 to 1202, one beside each line of text and one (1196) beside the figure — the same margin numbers as pleading paper, counting through the whole document. The running title and journal line at the top are furniture; the figure is a labelled core log, rendered as a description block. The numbers do not appear in the Markdown.

- 0.0 – 0.4 m — coarse sand, shell hash
- 0.4 – 1.1 m — laminated silty clay
- 1.1 – 1.6 m — bioturbated mud
- 1.6 – 2.2 m — organic-rich clay

**Late Holocene sedimentation on the Kettering shelf: a revised chronology**

Manuscript submitted to Journal of Quaternary Stratigraphy — Section 4.2
the sequence below Core KT-07 records three principal facies changes across the interval sampled, each corresponding to a shift in grain size and organic content consistent with a gradual deepening of the depositional environment. The lowermost unit is dominated by coarse sand with occasional shell fragments, grading upward into a laminated silty clay that we interpret as a low-energy subtidal deposit. The core log for this interval is reproduced in Figure 10, below.
- 0.0 – 0.4 m — coarse sand, shell hash
- 0.4 – 1.1 m — laminated silty clay
- 1.1 – 1.6 m — bioturbated mud
- 1.6 – 2.2 m — organic-rich clay

Figure 10. Core log for KT-07, 0–2.2 m, showing the four facies units described in the text.
Radiocarbon ages from the base of each unit are reported in Table 3 and are used to constrain the sedimentation rate across the transition. We note that the rate calculated for the upper two units is roughly half that of the lower two, which is consistent with the proposed deepening and the associated fall in sediment supply from the adjacent shoreline.

Related

• Block Classes§5.3 — the numbers are page furniture, not a list
• Reading Order§5.9 — the body flows as one column
• Margin Banners§7.3.5 — the other thing that lives in a pleading margin
• Transcript Pages§6.11 — line-numbered pages where each line is a record
• Printed Page Numbers§6.6 — the other number in the margin

5.9 Reading Order

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-reading-order · rule layout blocks

The reading order is the order of the page's elements in the Markdown and in the sidecar. Where positions are numbered, the numbering MUST start at 0 and be contiguous — no gaps and no duplicates.

The reader, not the geometry

Elements MUST be ordered the way a person reads the page — not by simple top-to-bottom, left-to-right position. On a two-column page, top-to-bottom order interleaves the columns and produces text that is unreadable in sequence.

The usual shape:

1. the page header;
2. the intended column or section flow;
3. the page footer.

Sidebars, callouts, captions and notes MUST be placed where a reader would encounter them — a caption belongs beside the figure it names, not collected at the end.

Panels

Where a page prints its own section bands or panel headers, they define the order, and position only breaks ties inside a panel.

✅ Sample — a conference poster

A poster laid out as titled panels — Motivation and Dataset side by side, Methods below Motivation, then Results spanning the full width, then Conclusion. The order is panel by panel, not column by column and certainly not top-to-bottom across the sheet: read by geometry, the first bullet of Motivation would be followed by the first bullet of Dataset, because they sit at the same height. The two round marks in the top corners print no text and yield no Markdown; the Results strip of labelled colour swatches is a Picture, rendered as a description block.

- In-Distribution: Ridge Zone, Basin Zone, Terrace Zone, Valley Zone
- Out-of-Distribution: Highland Rim, Plateau Rim, Foothill Rim, Delta Rim

# A Distribution-Shift Benchmark for Highland Cacao Smallholders

Do Foundation Models Improve Geographic Generalization?
R. Okonkwo<sup>1</sup>, T. Vasilenko<sup>1</sup>, M. Aday<sup>2</sup>, F. Renwick<sup>1</sup>
Bramwell University<sup>1</sup>, Highland Agroforestry Centre<sup>2</sup>
ICLR 2025 ML4RS Workshop
Motivation

Recent work has reported high accuracy in applying deep learning to individual tree-canopy detection
Performance drops under distribution shifts are common for these approaches

We introduce the first distribution-shift benchmark for highland cacao smallholders and ask:
(1) How does performance drop under geographic distribution shift?
(2) Do foundation models improve robustness?
Dataset

stratify Kelanoa province into 8 agro-climatic zones
sample train & test images for each zone
annotate individual tree masks for each image
split In-Distribution (ID) & Out-of-Distribution (OOD) zones for distribution shift evaluation
do QA using inter-annotator agreement & field inventories

Methods

We perform three types of evaluations:

(1) Conventional
(2) Distribution shift
(3) Few-shot domain adaptation


Compare performance of a baseline (Faster-RCNN) with computer-vision foundation models (SAM, Grounding DINO)
Report per-zone accuracy metrics and calibration curves

Results
- In-Distribution: Ridge Zone, Basin Zone, Terrace Zone, Valley Zone
- Out-of-Distribution: Highland Rim, Plateau Rim, Foothill Rim, Delta Rim

Conclusion
Foundation models close part of the distribution-shift gap seen with the Faster-RCNN baseline, but a sizeable generalization gap remains between in-distribution and out-of-distribution zones; few-shot adaptation on a handful of OOD tiles recovers most of the remaining gap.

Numbered records

Where independent blocks carry explicit numbering or continuation, the numbering MUST decide the order.

✅ Sample — records in two columns

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, RD Instruction 1901-E, Exhibit E — List of Regional Offices (public domain)

Eight regional-office address blocks on a typewriter page, four down the left and four down the right. The region numbers run down the left column first (I–IV), then the right (VI, VII, VII, IX), and that numbering is the order — not the row-by-row sweep that would pair Region I with Region VI. Two blocks on the right are both printed REGION VII, and two print USDL/OFFCCP; both are transcribed as printed. Each region label is underlined.

RD Instruction 1901-E
Exhibit E

LIST OF REGIONAL OFFICES
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP)
U.S. Department of Labor (USDL)
<u>REGION I</u> (ME, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT)
Associate Regional Administrator
USDL/OFCCP
JFK Building - Room 1612-C
Government Center
Boston, MA 12203
(617) 223-4232
<u>REGION II</u> (NY, NJ, PR, VI)
Associate Regional Administrator
USDL/OFCCP
1515 Broadway - Room 3306
New York, NY 10036
(212) 662-5563
<u>REGION III</u> (PA, MD, DE, VA, WV, DC)
Associate Regional Administrator
USDL/OFCCP
Gateway Building - Room 15434
3535 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 596-1213
<u>REGION IV</u> (NC, SC, KY, TIN, MS, AL GA, FL)
Associate Regional Administrator
USDL/OFCCP
1371 Peachtree Street, NE
Room 729
Atlanta, GA 30309
(402) 881-4211
<u>REGION VI</u> (LA, AR, OK, TX, NM)
Associate Regional Administrator
USDL/OFCCP
555 Griffin Square Building
Room 506
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 767-4771
<u>REGION VII</u> (MO, IA, NE, KS)
Associate Regional Administrator
USDL/OFCCP Regional Administrator
Federal Office Building
Room 2000
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, MO 64106
(816) 374-5384
<u>REGION VII</u> (ND, SD, MT, WY, CO, UT)
Associate Regional Administrator
USDL/OFFCCP
14431 Federal Office Building
1961 Stout Street
Denver, CO 80202
(303) 837-5011
<u>REGION IX</u> (CA, NV, AZ, HI, GU)
Associate Regional Administrator
USDL/OFFCCP
Federal Office Building
Room 10341
450 Golden Gate, CA 94102
San Francisco, CA 94102
(415) 556-3597

Unnumbered grids

An unnumbered grid of independent, equal blocks MUST be read row by row — left to right on a left-to-right page — and each block MUST be finished before the next begins. Explicit numbering or continuation, where present, overrides this.

✅ Sample — a grid with no numbering

Nine office address blocks in three rows of three under an introductory sentence, nothing numbered. The grid is read row by row, each address finished before the next starts. Within each block, a gap separates the address from the telephone lines; the block stays whole. The notes above the grid are elided.

<!-- … -->

Completed Affidavits may be obtained at any of the following Motor Registration offices:
Motor Registration Division
212 Larkhollow Drive
Fennmoor, BV
P.O. Box 4410
Harrowgate, BV, B2C 6K1
Tel: 1-877-555-0110
Fax: 709-555-1843
Motor Registration Division
Provincial Building
7 Cromlin Avenue
Grennfell Cross, BV
A9A 1W2
Tel: 1-877-555-0110
Fax: 709-555-2387
Motor Registration Division
Sir Talbert Squires Building
Corner Reach, BV
A4H 6J1
Tel: 1-877-555-0110
Fax: 709-555-2615
Motor Registration Division
14A Byers Ave.
Suite 208
Clarenhaven, BV
A6A 1T4
Tel: 1-877-555-0110
Fax: 709-555-4070
Motor Registration Division
Bruno Plaza
212 Humphreys Road
Labrador Vale, BV
A3V 2J9
Tel: 1-877-555-0110
Fax: 709-555-5630
Motor Registration Division
9-13 Roddick Cres.
Harbour Bay, BV
A1A 2M1
Tel: 1-877-555-0110
Fax: 709-555-3114
Motor Registration Division
4 Tenth Street
Box 3115
Goose Valley, BV
A1P 1E1
Tel: 1-877-555-0110
Fax: 709-555-4340
Motor Registration Division
340 Airport Blvd., Fraser Mall
P.O. Box 2223
Ganderville, BV
A2V 2N0
Tel: 1-877-555-0110
Fax: 709-555-1438
Motor Registration Division
2 Harris Dr., Industrial Park
P.O. Box 699
Marysvale, BV A0E 2M1
Tel: 1-877-555-0110
Fax: 709-555-8031

Related

• Block Annotation§5.1 — the elements being ordered
• Block Classes§5.3 — Page-header and Page-footer open and close the sequence
• Ignoring and Rejecting§5.6 — excluded regions take no position
• Images and Figures§12.1.2 — multi-column prose is unrolled into a single flow

5.10 Slide Furniture

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-slide-furniture · rule layout slides

Presentation decks print things around their content that a document does not: a row of section tabs along the top edge with the current one highlighted, name labels overlaid on photographs, a running footer with the deck name and slide number.

Requirements

✅ Sample — tabs, tiles and labelled photos

Three tabs top-left, the third filled red; a slide title and subtitle; four bullets and a stat-tile panel in the left card; two photographs, grey silhouettes each with a boxed name label at the lower right; a footnote; a footer with the slide number, deck name and a wordmark with a small symbol. The tabs are one furniture block in printed order, the active one highlighted; each photo becomes a one-line description carrying its label.

FY 2025 highlights
Delivering strong performance
<mark style="background-color: crimson">Driving continued profitable growth</mark>

Coffee
Strong growth in the out-of-home channel

Executed on our joint strategic decision with Borvika Roasters to focus on out-of-home channel
Recruited 2,100 new out-of-home outlets
Building a strong, credible business with unique capabilities
Confident in medium-term growth potential

2025 volume growth<sup>1</sup>

Out-of-home: +26.5%
Total: −19.8%

A grey silhouette of a person in front of two panels, with the label "Borvika Roasters".
Grey silhouettes of an adult and a child, with the label "Caldrivane Café".
1. Organic volume growth
For details on APMs refer to ‘Alternative Performance Measures’ and ‘Definitions and reconciliations of APMs’ sections of our FY 2025 Press Release
22 Ostrevane Beverages FY 2025 Results
[logo: Ostrevane]

✅ Sample — a map behind the text

A pale, wavy background shape fills the right-hand card behind two headings and six bullets. It prints no text, no values and no labels, so it yields no Markdown. The left card is a stat tile over a small table — see Stat Tiles§5.11.

# Consumer – Americas


Q1 2026: €240m +2.2% +6.7% LFL

<table>
<tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Q1 2025</th> <th>Q1 2026</th> <th>Change</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>North America</td> <td>€148m</td> <td>€151m</td> <td>+2.0%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>South America</td> <td>€87m</td> <td>€89m</td> <td>+2.3%</td> </tr>
</table>
Where we are winning

Cookware share gains across three priority accounts
Small-appliance listings expanded in two new retail chains
Direct-to-consumer orders up double digits

What's next

Regional distribution centre opening in Q3
New induction range launching in the second half
Continued investment in the loyalty programme

Related

• Stat Tiles§5.11 — the figures panel on the same slide
• Logos§12.1.3 — the mark in the corner
• Margin Banners§7.3.5 — the deck name printed along an edge
• Images§12.1.1 — what a photograph becomes

5.11 Stat Tiles

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-stat-tiles · rule layout slides

A slide panel that prints a big number with a short label — Out-of-home +26.5%, Total -19.8% — usually two or three of them side by side under a heading.

┌─ 2025 volume growth¹ ──────────┐
│  Out-of-home        Total       │
│  ┌────────┐       ┌────────┐    │
│  │ +26.5% │       │ -19.8% │    │
└──────────────────────────────────┘

Read top to bottom, the labels come first and the values after, so a geometric reading separates each figure from its label — the failure to avoid.

Requirements

• Each tile MUST be one key-value line, - label: value, with the label and the value as printed; bold only where the glyphs are heavier.
• The tiles MUST follow tile reading order, each label next to its own value.
• A printed panel heading MUST come before its tiles. A heading MUST NOT be invented where the panel prints none.
• A unit, sign, footnote marker or qualifier (LFL, (+1.9%)) MUST stay with the value it qualifies; an icon that carries the direction MUST be kept — see Iconography and Symbols§7.3.4.

✅ Sample — a growth panel beside two photos

2025 volume growth¹ over two labelled figures, inside an orange box under four bullets. Each tile becomes one line, label then value, in left-to-right order. The rest of the slide — tabs, photos, footer — is rendered in Slide Furniture§5.10.

<!-- … -->

2025 volume growth<sup>1</sup>

Out-of-home: +26.5%
Total: −19.8%

<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — a headline figure over a small table

Q1 2026 over €240m, with the qualifiers +2.2% and +6.7% LFL in pills beneath, then a four-column table in the same card. The headline figure is one tile: its label, its value and both qualifiers on one line. The right-hand card is rendered in Slide Furniture§5.10.

# Consumer – Americas


Q1 2026: €240m +2.2% +6.7% LFL

<table>
<tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Q1 2025</th> <th>Q1 2026</th> <th>Change</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>North America</td> <td>€148m</td> <td>€151m</td> <td>+2.0%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>South America</td> <td>€87m</td> <td>€89m</td> <td>+2.3%</td> </tr>
</table>
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — tiles with an arrow icon

Two rounded tiles beside a stacked-bar chart: 1H FY25/26 over $9,675.2M, then YoY with a green up-arrow before $177.8M (+1.9%). The arrow carries the direction and is kept as a bracketed tag. The chart prints no value axis and no values; its rendering follows the Charts chapter and is elided here.

# Group Revenue

$ million, by quarter
<!-- … -->

1H FY25/26: $9,675.2M
YoY: [up] $177.8M (+1.9%)

Related

• Borderless Whitespace Tables§9.1.1 — the panel test, for the larger version
• Slide Furniture§5.10 — the other things a slide prints around its content
• Forms and Key-Value Regions§10.1 — a key-value region that is not a form

6.1 Dot Leader Lines

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-dot-leader-lines · text rule layout

A dot leader is a run of dots filling horizontal space between a label and a value, most often in a table of contents, a directory or a price list.

Chapter 3 — Reserving  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47

Requirements

• A run of leader dots MUST be removed wherever it is printed: in running text, in a directory line and in a table's stub cell.
• The label and every value the leader connects MUST be kept, verbatim. The dots go; everything they connect stays.
• Removing a leader MUST NOT split a label or a value, and a leader MUST NOT be absorbed into either side (no trailing dots on a label, no leading dots on a number).
• Where a leader separates two values on one line, the values remain on that line, separated by a space.

A dot leader is typesetting, not content: it exists because a label and a number are far apart on the line, and it disappears the moment the text is reflowed. Transcribing it damages what is around it — a run of dots inside a label breaks any string match on that label.

✅ Sample — leader lines with two values at the end

A court directory: each person's line runs a dot leader to an e-mail address in grey and a phone number at the margin. Some lines have no e-mail, so the leader runs straight to the number. This is text, not a table: one line per person, leaders removed, the values separated by spaces. The grey of the e-mail addresses is decoration and is not carried. Heading depths are relative: the page does not show where CALDRIVANE COUNTY sits in the whole directory.

## CALDRIVANE COUNTY

SUPERIOR COURT
Location: 410 Willowmere Dr, Cassilport, HV 98511
Mailing: PO Box 82, Cassilport, HV 98511-0082
Phone: 360-822-4410
Fax: 360-822-4419
Website: www.caldrivanecounty.example/courts/superior/
Rowan T. Ferland, Judge 360-822-4410
Odalys M. Granger, Court Administrator ogranger@caldrivanecounty.example 360-822-4410
<!-- … -->
SOUTH CALDRIVANE DISTRICT COURT
6042 Ridgeglen Road, Farrowmede, HV 98651
Phone: 360-641-9017
Fax: 360-641-9016
Website: www.caldrivanecounty.example/courts/sdc/
Callan R. Whitmore, Judge 360-641-9017
Noor E. Basile, Judge 360-641-9017 ext 2214
Ilona P. Marchetti, Administrator sdclerks@caldrivanecounty.example 360-641-9017
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — leaders inside a financial table

Two goodwill tables whose stub labels run dot leaders to the first value column — Balances as of January 1, 2002 . . . . . . . — inside an otherwise ordinary $-gutter table. The leaders go; the columns stay. The (In millions) line is rendered as a second header row.

<table>
  <tr> <th></th> <th>Pipelines</th> <th>Production</th> <th>Field Services</th> <th>Terminal Services</th> <th>Corporate &amp; Other</th> <th>Total</th> </tr>
  <tr> <th></th> <th colspan="6">(In millions)</th> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Balances as of January 1, 2002</td> <td>$390</td> <td>$58</td> <td>$371</td> <td>$84</td> <td>$235</td> <td>$1,138</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Impairments</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>(37)</td> <td>—</td> <td>(37)</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Other changes</td> <td>—</td> <td>1</td> <td>8</td> <td>—</td> <td>(4)</td> <td>5</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Balances as of December 31, 2002</td> <td>$390</td> <td>$59</td> <td>$379</td> <td>$47</td> <td>$231</td> <td>$1,106</td> </tr>
</table>

<!-- … -->
<table>
<tr> <th></th> <th>2002</th> <th>2001</th> </tr>
<tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">(In millions)</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>Intangible assets subject to amortization</td> <td>$44</td> <td>$51</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Accumulated amortization</td> <td>(21)</td> <td>(15)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td>23</td> <td>36</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Intangible assets not subject to amortization</td> <td>142</td> <td>142</td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td>$165</td> <td>$178</td> </tr>
</table>

Related

• Table of Contents§6.10 — the page type where leaders are most common
• Line Separators and Breaks§6.3 — a printed rule between blocks, which is kept
• Values Are Verbatim§10.3.3 — the verbatim rule this note is the exception to

6.2 Line Breaks Inside a Block

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-line-breaks-inside-a-block · text layout line-breaks

One printed block that runs to more than one line because the page sets it that way: a stacked masthead, a postal address, a two-line banner, a title broken across a rule. The lines belong together; only the typesetting separates them.

MEREVALD                     ← one block, two printed lines
Merevald Retail Ltd

Settled: the block stays whole

• One printed block MUST be one element, whatever break is written between its lines. Two stacked lines of a masthead MUST NOT become two headings, two paragraphs, or a heading with a subtitle. Splitting it is the never invent failure: the page printed one block, and a split claims it printed two.
• Whether lines form one block is judged by the printing, not the wording: a single set, a single alignment and a single leading mean one block, even when the two lines read as separable phrases.

The break is a plain newline

The Markdown source keeps every printed line on its own source line. A renderer shows a single newline inside a paragraph as a space, so a rendered view runs the lines together; that is a display artefact, not a change to the output, which is judged on its source (see Numbered Section Headings§6.5 for the same principle). Two trailing spaces are invisible and are stripped by most whitespace normalisation; <br> puts markup on every line. Neither is used outside table cells.

• The break MUST be a plain newline, and the same spelling MUST be used for every multi-line block in the document — paragraphs, addresses, headers and footers alike.
• Inside a table cell a newline cannot be written, so a printed break there is <br> — see Record Groups and Multi-Line Cells§9.5.3.
• A line that Markdown would parse as a list item or heading (- , 1. , # at its start) is escaped — see Escaping Printed Marks§7.2.4.

Not this rule's case

• A rule printed between blocks is a separator, not a break inside one — see Line Separators and Breaks§6.3.
• A line that wraps because it ran out of column width is not a printed break at all: its lines MUST be joined with a space.
• Text whose line breaks carry meaning, such as verse, is governed by Verse and Hard Line Breaks§7.2.13.

Related

• Line Separators and Breaks§6.3 — a rule between blocks, which resolves differently
• Verse and Hard Line Breaks§7.2.13 — text whose breaks are content
• Stacked Headings§6.9 — a title wrapped over several lines, joined with spaces
• Recurring Page Furniture§4.6 — header and footer bands, which take the same break

6.3 Line Separators and Breaks

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-line-separators-and-breaks · rule layout model-divergence

A horizontal rule or separator printed between sections of a page. It is printed content: it tells a reader that one block has ended and another begun, so it survives into the output.

… end of the first section.
────────────────────────────        ← printed rule between sections  →  <hr/>
Start of the next section …

Requirements

• Each printed separator between sections MUST produce one <hr/> line, placed between the elements it separates in reading order.
• The separator MUST NOT be written as ---, ***, ___ or any other Markdown thematic break.
• Vertical whitespace between sections, with no printed line, MUST NOT produce <hr/>.

Why never ---

--- is already load-bearing twice. It is the page-break marker of Markdown Rendering§3.2, and at the top of a file it opens frontmatter. A separator that renders identically to a page break makes page attribution ambiguous for anything splitting on it, and can silently truncate a document at the top of a file. <hr/> avoids both collisions and follows the general posture of falling back to HTML wherever a Markdown spelling is ambiguous — see Text Formatting Conventions§7.1.

Related

• Markdown Rendering§3.2 — --- as the page boundary
• Line Breaks Inside a Block§6.2 — a break within one block, which resolves differently
• Dot Leader Lines§6.1 — the other printed line-filler, which is removed rather than kept
• Text Formatting Conventions§7.1 — HTML where a Markdown spelling is ambiguous

6.4 Marginal Notes

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-marginal-notes · layout rule structure legal

Statutes and some textbooks print short notes in the outer margin — a citation, a one-word gloss — aligned with the line they annotate. They are printed text, not handwriting, and they belong to a particular line.

SEC. 105. INVESTIGATIONS AND DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS.        15 USC 7215.
   (a) IN GENERAL.—The Board shall establish, by rule, …      Establishment.

Requirements

• A marginal note MUST be its own element, never part of the heading or paragraph it sits beside.
• It MUST follow the element it annotates — the heading or paragraph level with it — in reading order, before the next element of the body.
• A geometric reading that inserts 15 USC 7215. into the middle of the section heading, or splices a gloss into a line of the paragraph, does not conform.

✅ Sample — a public law with sidenotes

Source: Public Law 107-204 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002), 116 Stat. 759, §105 marginal notes (public domain)

15 USC 7215. and Establishment. in the right margin, level with SEC. 105. and (a) IN GENERAL.; the body is set in one narrower column. The small capitals of IN GENERAL are transcribed as capitals. The heading depth is relative: the page does not show the outline above the section.

## SEC. 105. INVESTIGATIONS AND DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS.

15 USC 7215.
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Board shall establish, by rule, subject to the requirements of this section, fair procedures for the investigation and disciplining of registered public accounting firms and associated persons of such firms.
Establishment.
<!-- … -->

Related

• Reading Order§5.9 — notes go where a reader meets them
• Run-In Headings§6.8 — the small-cap run-in heads on the same page
• Handwritten Annotations§7.3.3 — the handwritten equivalent
• Small Capitals§7.2.10 — how IN GENERAL is transcribed

6.5 Numbered Section Headings

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

headings-numbered-section-headings · structure headings lists

Legal and technical documents number their sections — 1., 1.1., 2.3. — and set each on its own line, often underlined or bold, with a paragraph beneath. On the page this is a heading; in the text layer it is indistinguishable from an ordered list.

1.    AFFIDAVIT

1.1.  COMPLETION AND SIGNATURE
      The Commissioner of Oaths must print his full name …
1.2.  SECURITY
      If security is claimed, then the amount …

Heading or list item

The test is the one Recognising Ambiguous Headings§6.7 applies: a title organises the block beneath it; a numbered paragraph is an item of an enumeration. Heading depth follows the printed numbering, as Heading Depth Across Pages§4.5 requires.

A bare number is moved onto its paragraph's line because it labels that paragraph ("paragraph 29"). Left on a line of its own it would read as an empty list item followed by an unrelated paragraph. Only the centring is lost, and centring is layout.

Numbers are written verbatim

The printed number MUST be written as printed — 29., 1.1., (a), IV. — and MUST NOT be renumbered, normalised or escaped to prevent list parsing. A number that is a valid Markdown list marker (29.) then renders as a list item; one that is not (1.1., (a)) renders as a paragraph beginning with the number. Both carry the printed numbering exactly in the source, which is what the output is judged on; a renderer that shows skipped numbers (29, 31) as consecutive is a display artefact, not a change to the output.

The one exception is a line that Markdown would turn into a list although the page prints no list, such as a sentence that begins 1995. was a record year. Its marker MUST be escaped (1995\.) — see Escaping Printed Marks§7.2.4.

✅ Sample — two-level numbered notes

"1. AFFIDAVIT" over "1.1. COMPLETION AND SIGNATURE", "1.2. SECURITY", each sub-heading underlined with a paragraph beneath it. Four top-level numbers on the page, sub-numbered under two of them. Each numbered line is a heading, one level deeper per level of numbering; the depths shown assume this page opens the document, under its title.

# NOTES ON WINDING-UP PROCEDURE

1. AFFIDAVIT
1.1. COMPLETION AND SIGNATURE
The Liquidator must print his full name, capacity and date of appointment on the affidavit before signing it in the presence of a Commissioner of Oaths. An unsigned or undated affidavit will be returned without further consideration.
1.2. SECURITY
If security is claimed on any asset listed in the affidavit, the amount claimed and the name of the secured party must be stated in full. Where no security is claimed, the affidavit must say so expressly rather than leaving the field blank.
2. FILING
The completed affidavit, together with the annexed schedule of assets, must be filed with the Registrar within fourteen days of the Liquidator's appointment. A copy is retained on the estate file for the duration of the winding-up.
3. OBJECTIONS
3.1. NOTICE PERIOD
Any creditor wishing to object to an item in the schedule must lodge a written objection with the Registrar within twenty-one days of the affidavit being filed, stating the item objected to and the grounds.
3.2. HEARING
Where an objection is lodged in time, the Registrar will set the matter down for hearing and notify the Liquidator and the objecting creditor of the date.
4. COSTS
The costs of preparing and filing the affidavit are a first charge on the estate and are payable before any distribution to creditors.

✅ Sample — a paragraph number on its own line

29. to 34. each centred on a line of their own, the paragraph beneath. The number is neither a heading with text nor a list marker on the paragraph's line. The numbered paragraph is the text, so each number opens a list item carrying its paragraph. The depth of DAMAGES is relative: the page does not show the outline above it.

## DAMAGES


As a direct and proximate result of Defendant Harlan Office Supply Co.'s breach of the Purchase Agreement described above, Plaintiff Midvale Clinic LLC was unable to furnish its new waiting room in time for its scheduled opening and was forced to delay the opening by six weeks.

Plaintiff was required to source substitute seating from a third-party vendor on an emergency basis, at a cost substantially higher than the price agreed with Defendant for the same quantity and specification of chairs.

Plaintiff incurred additional costs for storage of the partial, non-conforming shipment that Defendant did deliver, which Plaintiff was unable to use and unable to return without incurring a restocking penalty under the Purchase Agreement.

Plaintiff lost revenue from patients who could not be scheduled during the delay described in Paragraph 29, in an amount to be proven at trial.

Plaintiff's reputation in the community was harmed by the delayed opening, which was reported in a local business newsletter and required Plaintiff to issue a public clarification to patients and referring physicians.

As a further direct and proximate result of Defendant's breach, Plaintiff has suffered damages in an amount to be determined at trial, but believed to exceed $75,000, together with interest, costs, and such other relief as the Court deems just and proper.

Repeated item labels

“Question N”, “Interrogatory No. N” and “Request for Production N” are item labels, even when bold and alone on a line, and MUST NOT be rendered as headings. A standalone section title organises a block; a recurring label merely identifies the next item. See Recognising Ambiguous Headings§6.7 for the distinction in context.

Related

• Bullets and Sub-Bullets§8.1 — ordered lists keep their printed numbering
• Block Classes§5.3 — Section-header versus List-item
• Table of Contents§6.10 — where the same numbers reappear as an index
• Heading Depth Across Pages§4.5 — printed numbering sets the depth

6.6 Printed Page Numbers

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-printed-page-numbers · rule layout

The folio is the number a document prints on itself: 26, Page 6, Page 3 of 12, iv, A-3. It sits in the top or bottom margin, often beside a date, a form number or a URL.

FORM CMS-2567  Previous Versions Obsolete       If continuation sheet Page 3 of 12
                                                                      ↑ the folio

Two records

The offset is the point

Front matter, covers and inserts mean printed page 1 is often not sheet 1. A magazine feature can open on sheet 1 and print 26; a report can run twelve sheets of front matter before printing 1. That mapping is a fact about the document, not the page, and it is the reason the number is worth recording separately — a reader citing "page 26" cannot otherwise be sent to the right sheet.

• The recorded number MUST be the number the page prints. It MUST NOT be renumbered to match the sheet position.
• A folio MUST NOT be inferred for a page that prints none.

Pages that print nothing

Covers, plates and continuation sheets frequently carry no folio; their printed page number is empty, which is not an error. A pre-printed blank, Page ___ of ___, is also no folio: the blank MUST be transcribed in the band (as [blank]) and no number recorded.

A folio never sits in the body

A number that ends up as a loose line among the page's content means the band was read wrongly. The folio MUST belong to its margin band whether or not the rest of that band was recognised — the same never invent failure as promoting furniture to a heading.

Related

• Recurring Page Furniture§4.6 — the band the folio belongs to
• Output Options§3.5 — the option that asks for the number on its own
• The Sidecar§3.4 — where the number is recorded
• Block Classes§5.3 — a page number alone qualifies as Page-footer

6.7 Recognising Ambiguous Headings

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

headings-recognising-ambiguous-headings · rule headings structure

What a line does decides its role; its depth is chosen afterwards. A short bold line can organise a section; a large banner can belong entirely to a form or a table.

Company name over a title    ← its own line, above the heading
Company name alone           ← furniture
Document title               ← heading
Standalone section title     ← heading
Bold label: value or sentence ← inline label
Table 1: ...                 ← caption

Heading depths in the samples below are relative wherever the crop does not show the outline above the heading: the rendering keeps the hierarchy the crop shows, and the absolute level comes from Heading Depth Across Pages§4.5.

Run-in labels

A label followed on the same line by a sentence, value or URL MUST stay inline, with its printed emphasis preserved. A line that wraps onto another line remains the same paragraph. See Run-In Headings§6.8.

✅ Sample — run-in labels 1

Source: Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 410 (public domain)

“(a) PROHIBITED USES.” stays inline with its sentence; its small capitals are transcribed as capitals. The standalone “Rule 410. Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements” is a heading. The crop clips item (3), which is elided.

## Rule 410. Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements

(a) PROHIBITED USES. In a civil or criminal case, evidence of the following is not admissible against the defendant who made the plea or participated in the plea discussions:
(1) a guilty plea that was later withdrawn;
(2) a nolo contendere plea;
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — run-in labels 2

“Consumer Banking and Lending” stays in its paragraph: the sentence continues immediately after the bold, underlined label. The line below the paragraph is outside this example and is elided.

<u>**Consumer Banking and Lending**</u> offers diversified financial products and services for consumers and small businesses. These financial products and services include checking and savings accounts, credit and debit cards, as well as home, auto, personal, and small business lending. We also provide personalized wealth management and financial planning services through our branch channel.

<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — run-in labels 3

“Original Article:” stays with its URL as a label–value line. The red of the label is decoration and is not carried; the URL is raw text.

Critics have singled out the trilogy's closing aria as a significant and memorable contribution to contemporary opera.

<u>Original Article:</u> https://www.caldrivane.example/culture/2025/09/17/mira-solano-elric-vantana-music-reviews

Standalone subheads

A standalone title that organises the paragraphs or bullets below it MUST be a heading, even at body-text size. Weight, colour and underlining support the reading; none decides it alone.

✅ Sample — standalone subheads 1

“Highlights:” and its subordinate “Summary” are headings; each introduces the bullet block below. “Summary” is one level deeper than “Highlights:”. The quotation above is elided.

<!-- … -->

Highlights:
Summary

Revenue growth of 9.0% driven by our market-leading network, strong brands and operational focus
Operating profit before exceptional items increased by 26.7% to €4,443 million (2023: €3,507 million) as we continue to execute our transformation programme
Structural improvements delivering a world-class operating margin before exceptional items of 13.8% (2023: 11.9%)
Free cash flow of €3,556 million, after investing €2,816 million into the business
Return on invested capital of 17.3%, as a result of disciplined capital allocation
Delivering sustainable value creation for our shareholders

✅ Sample — standalone subheads 2

“Risk weighted assets” is a heading: its own line introduces the following prose.

…primarily as a result of increased utilisation of wholesale credit protection vehicles, which has now been curtailed.

Risk weighted assets
Retail Banking risk weighted assets have increased by £4.2 billion, principally as a result of movements in the mortgage assets which carry a 50% risk weighting. These include £3.1 billion of RWAs relating to net lending and the transfer of social housing assets equating to £1.7 billion RWAs from Wholesale Banking partially offset by the net impact of mortgage asset securitisations.
Wholesale Banking risk weighted assets have decreased by £9.2 billion due to asset portfolio disposals and the transfer of Social Housing to Retail Banking, offset by the transfer in of £1.1 billion of bond related risk weighted assets previously…

✅ Sample — standalone subheads 3

“Strong cash performance” is a heading. Colour does not prevent the line from organising its bullets. one-off breaks at its own hyphen and keeps it.

…offset by increased interest costs and higher tax charge. Adjusted earnings per share increased 19% at constant exchange rates.

Strong cash performance

Operating cash flow increased £211m to £337m (H1 2025: £126m), driven by movements in working capital, including payment timing benefits expected to reverse in H2, and the one-off proceeds from the settlement of a US insurance policy.
Free cash flow remained strong, increasing by £103m to £259m (H1 2025: £156m), driven by the strong operating cash performance. This was partially offset by the normalisation of cash interest and tax payments following the one-off state aid refund received in the prior period.

✅ Sample — standalone subheads 4

“Restatement of operating costs” is a heading; it introduces the paragraphs below it.

…related Disclosures have been issued but not yet endorsed by the UK authorities. We will continue to monitor new disclosure requirements and update our disclosures as part of the TCFD reporting where relevant.

Restatement of operating costs
During FY25, following the roll-out of a new payroll system, we have identified employee pension contributions were incorrectly included in employer pension costs and should have been recorded as gross wages and salaries. Additionally, sales commissions were omitted from wages and salaries, being recognised in 'sales commissions'.
In FY24, following completion of a finance system transformation, we have more granular information with which to better align cost allocations with our accounting policies. As a result, we have identified certain reclassifications…

Numbered titles and numbered paragraphs

A printed number or letter MUST stay with the standalone section title it numbers. A number opening a body sentence is a list marker. A number on a line by itself does not turn its paragraph into a section. See Numbered Section Headings§6.5.

✅ Sample — numbered titles and numbered paragraphs 1

“d. Employees and Volunteers” is a heading, with the printed letter attached. A faint diagonal watermark, only partly legible in the crop, is left out of this excerpt.

<!-- … -->

…be held responsible for claims filed for Worker's Compensation under RCW Title 51 by the Contractor or its employees under such laws and regulations.
d. Employees and Volunteers
Insurance required of the Contractor under the Contract shall include coverage for the acts and omissions of the Contractor's employees and volunteers. In addition, the Contractor shall ensure that all employees and volunteers who use vehicles to transport clients or deliver services have personal automobile insurance and current driver's licenses.

✅ Sample — numbered titles and numbered paragraphs 2

“25.” stays with the sentence it numbers; the numbered paragraph is not promoted to a heading. The centred title below it, printed on two lines, is one heading (see Stacked Headings§6.9).

25. As a result, Borvika Holdings has been unjustly enriched at the expense of Ostrevane Systems Inc., to the extent of $98,000, and it is against equity and good conscience to allow Borvika Holdings to retain the benefits bestowed upon it as alleged here.

AS AND FOR A FIFTH (ALTERNATIVE) CAUSE OF ACTION FOR MONEY HAD AND RECEIVED

Repeated item labels

Repeated Question, Interrogatory and Request for Production labels MUST stay with their items, even when bold and on their own lines. Each label MUST NOT be made a document heading.

✅ Sample — repeated item labels 1

“INTERROGATORY NO. 8:” is the label of its question, like the next interrogatory label below it. It is printed bold, underlined and in small capitals, which are transcribed as capitals.

<u>**INTERROGATORY NO. 8:**</u>

On the average, how many hours per day do you currently spend with your spouse?
<u>INTERROGATORY NO. 9:</u>

Document titles and company lines

A document title MUST be separated from its logo, company-name line and exhibit label. The surrounding words are transcribed as furniture; only the title takes a heading role. A company name MUST NOT be joined to a title merely because they are stacked.

✅ Sample — document titles and company lines 1

“Benefits Terms of Service” is the document title. The Zendra logo — a small icon over the wordmark — and “Exhibit D” stay separate; the logo becomes [logo: Zendra]. The title is shown at the top level of the exhibit.

[logo: Zendra]

Exhibit D
Benefits Terms of Service
If Customer purchases Arvex Works Benefits Products (as detailed in an Order), these additional Benefits Terms of Service (the “Benefits Terms of Service”) apply. These Benefits Terms of Service set forth the terms and conditions under which Zendra will provide the Arvex Works Benefits Products (the “Benefits Services”) to Customer in
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — document titles and company lines 2

“BOARD OF DIRECTORS GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES” is the title. “BORVIKA LLC” stays a separate company line. The printed rule under the title is a separator.

**BORVIKA LLC**

BOARD OF DIRECTORS GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES
<hr/>
1. INTRODUCTION
The Board of Directors (the “Board”) of Borvika LLC (the “Company”) has adopted these Governance Principles to assist the Board in the exercise of its duties and responsibilities.

Principal statement and schedule titles

The principal title of a financial statement or numbered schedule is structural and MUST be a heading. The company line and the units or audit-status line MUST stay separate. This is a specific exception to the caption rule below: a statement or schedule can itself be a document section.

A numbered schedule title remains structural when printed inside a grid. Its text MUST appear once, in its printed table position; it keeps its heading role in the element classes and boxes (see Boxes and Granularity§3.3) and MUST NOT be duplicated as a Markdown heading outside the table. Titles Banners Captions§9.7.3 governs its cell placement.

✅ Sample — principal statement and schedule titles 1

“CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS” is the statement heading. The company name and the parenthesised units line stay separate. The table beneath is elided.

**CORVANE MEDIA CORPORATION**

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(unaudited; $ in millions, except per share data)
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — principal statement and schedule titles 2

“Operating Income by Geographic Market” is the statement heading. “Marlowick Consulting plc”, the currency units and the audit status stay outside the heading. The table beneath is elided.

**Marlowick Consulting plc**

Operating Income by Geographic Market
(In thousands of U.S. dollars)
(Unaudited)
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — principal statement and schedule titles 3

“11. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES” is a structural schedule title in its printed grid position: a full-width row of the table, not a Markdown heading. The company line is separate furniture. The blue of the current-year figures is decoration. The crop ends after Staff welfare.

**PALMERIN SOFTWARE LIMITED**

in local units, millions
<table>
<tr> <th>Schedules to the Profit and Loss Account for the</th> <th colspan="2">Quarter ended March 31,</th> <th colspan="2">Half-year ended March 31,</th> <th colspan="2">Year ended March 31,</th> </tr>
<tr> <th></th> <th>2002</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2001</th> </tr>
<tr> <th colspan="7">11. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>Salaries and bonus including overseas staff expenses</td> <td>256.30</td> <td>177.67</td> <td>509.13</td> <td>348.36</td> <td>976.11</td> <td>605.51</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Staff welfare</td> <td>1.27</td> <td>2.56</td> <td>2.69</td> <td>4.67</td> <td>6.14</td> <td>7.63</td> </tr>
<!-- … -->
</table>

Table captions and bands

An ordinary table caption, coloured title band, repeated caption stack or column label MUST NOT enter the document outline. A Table N caption remains a caption even when its typography resembles a heading or it appears in a PDF outline. The principal-statement exception above applies only to an actual statement or schedule section.

Captions stay outside the table and title bands inside it, as Titles Banners Captions§9.7.3 requires. The same title MUST NOT be emitted both as a cell and as an outside heading.

✅ Sample — table captions and bands 1

“Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Dividend Payout Ratio” is the table's title band, inside the table.

cash is generated by routine business operations, including capital expenditures and vendor financing, and makes decisions based on it. Management also views free cash flow as a measure of cash available to pay debt and return cash to shareowners.

<table>
<tr> <th colspan="5">Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Dividend Payout Ratio</th> </tr>
<tr> <th><em>Dollars in millions</em></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>
<tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">Second Quarter</th> <th colspan="2">Six-Month Period</th> </tr>
<tr> <th></th> <th>2026</th> <th>2025</th> <th>2026</th> <th>2025</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities from Continuing Operations</td> <td>$ 10,801</td> <td>$ 9,763</td> <td>$ 18,396</td> <td>$ 18,812</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Less: Distributions from Fennick Media classified as operating activities</td> <td>—</td> <td>(503)</td> <td>—</td> <td>(1,926)</td> </tr>
</table>

✅ Sample — table captions and bands 2

“Ondrea Group. Summarized income statement” is the local table caption, with its units line separate; a caption is not promoted merely because it names a statement. Change over % is one wrapped header label. The paragraph above the caption is elided.

<!-- … -->

Ondrea Group. Summarized income statement
EUR million
<table>
<tr> <th></th> <th>Q2’26</th> <th>Q1’26</th> <th>Change %</th> <th>H1’26</th> <th>H1’25</th> <th>Change %</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>Net interest income</td> <td>11,692</td> <td>11,019</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>22,711</td> <td>21,211</td> <td>7.1</td> </tr>
</table>

✅ Sample — table captions and bands 3

The “Portfolio Detail Statistics” stack stays with its table as caption text; its lines do not become heading levels.

Portfolio Detail Statistics as of June 30, 2026
International common stock
10 Largest Holdings in Descending Order by Fair Value
(Dollar Amounts and Shares in Thousands)

<table>
<tr> <th>Description</th> <th>No. of Shares</th> <th>Fair Value ($)</th> </tr>
<!-- … -->
</table>

✅ Sample — table captions and bands 4

“Table 1: Milestones achieved since the prior results announcement” is a caption. “Results highlights” organises the section above it and is a heading. The crop clips the table after its second row.

## Results highlights

Table 1: Milestones achieved since the prior results announcement
Phase III and other registrational data readouts
<table>
<tr> <th>Medicine</th> <th>Trial</th> <th>Indication</th> <th>Event</th> </tr>
<tr> <td><em>Zorvalix</em></td> <td>VOLARA</td> <td>MIBC not candidates for cisplatin</td> <td>Primary endpoint met</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><em>Zorvalix</em></td> <td>EMBER-2</td> <td>Adjuvant HCC</td> <td>Primary endpoint not met</td> </tr>
<!-- … -->
</table>

✅ Sample — table captions and bands 5

“Turnover” is a column header. “Growth” is the standalone title above the table and is a heading.

## Growth

<table>
<tr> <th>(unaudited)</th> <th>Turnover</th> <th>USG</th> <th>UVG</th> <th>UPG</th> <th>A&amp;D</th> <th>Currency</th> <th>Turnover change</th> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>First Half</strong></td> <td><strong>€25.6bn</strong></td> <td><strong>4.8%</strong></td> <td><strong>4.2%</strong></td> <td><strong>0.6%</strong></td> <td><strong>0.7%</strong></td> <td><strong>(4.9)%</strong></td> <td><strong>0.5%</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Second Quarter</td> <td>€13.0bn</td> <td>5.8%</td> <td>5.5%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>(2.4)%</td> <td>3.8%</td> </tr>
</table>
Underlying sales growth (USG) in the first half was 4.8%, with 4.2% from volume and 0.6% from price, accelerating in the

Chart titles and text-column titles

A title naming a chart is part of that chart. A standalone title organising a text column or explanatory block below or beside the charts MUST be a heading.

✅ Sample — chart titles and text-column titles 1

“Fourth Quarter 2025” and “Full Year 2025” are headings, peers, for the text columns beneath the charts. The two charts and their legend are elided.

<!-- … -->

Fourth Quarter 2025

Revenue grew 10%, or 7% on an organic constant currency basis, versus the prior-year period, including 8% growth in Advisory Solutions, 6% in Market Research and 8% in Data Services, each on a reported basis.

Full Year 2025

Revenue grew 10%, or 8% on an organic constant currency basis, versus the prior-year period, with a favorable foreign currency impact of 1%.
Recurring revenue grew 12% on a reported and 9% on an organic constant currency basis.

Slides and embedded forms

The principal slide title and a real subtitle are structural titles and MUST be headings. Navigation sidebars, tabs, warning banners and form section labels are furniture or form labels and MUST NOT be headings. Titles inside an embedded form screenshot MUST NOT enter the containing slide's outline; their printed text MUST be kept in the embedded content.

✅ Sample — slides and embedded forms 1

“Caldrivane submission schedule” is the slide title and “Supplementary indications for existing brands” its subtitle. “Content” stays in the navigation sidebar. The navigation tabs print no text. Depths assume the file is a deck, where each slide title is top level.

**Content**

Click below to navigate through the document
Company overview
Caldrivane submission schedule
Supplementary indications for existing brands

✅ Sample — slides and embedded forms 2

The form title, warning banner and subcontractor-section label stay inside the embedded form content, outside the containing slide's outline: none of them is a heading. The instructions box and the code list are elided.

CaldrivaneMetro

SCHEDULE C.2: Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)
Subcontractor Participation & Intent to Perform (Other Subcontract Services)
11/2024
<u>DO NOT RECREATE OR CHANGE THIS DOCUMENT</u>
<!-- … -->

Prime Contractor: [blank]
Project Name: [blank]
IFB/RFP/SOQ#: [blank]
Firm's Age: [blank]
Firm's Annual Gross Receipts ($): [blank]
Contact Name: [blank]
Title: [blank]
Phone#: [blank]
Email Address: [blank]
Address: [blank]

<!-- … -->
Subcontractor Section (Other Subcontract Services)
<!-- … -->
COMPLETE THIS FORM FOR ALL SUBCONTRACTORS IDENTIFIED FOR THIS PROJECT. YOU MAY USE MULTIPLE FORMS.

Running headers and decorative marks

Whether a page-top label is a running header is a document decision, made in Recurring Page Furniture§4.6: the same words may have been a section heading where the section began, and repetition at a page boundary does not open it again. From one page alone, a margin label that carries no argument of its own is furniture. A purely decorative arrow before a heading MUST be omitted from the heading text; a printed section number MUST be kept.

✅ Sample — running headers and decorative marks 1

When “Consolidated Financial Statements” repeats at the page top, it is a running header: a band paragraph, not a heading. The repetition is established on the surrounding pages; this crop alone does not establish it. The Markdown shown assumes it does.

**Consolidated Financial Statements**

✅ Sample — running headers and decorative marks 2

“19. Personnel expenses” is the heading text. The decorative arrow to its left is excluded. The table beneath is cut by the crop.

## 19. Personnel expenses

Personnel expenses are made up as follows:
<table>
<tr> <th></th> <th>2002<br/>T-€</th> </tr>
<!-- … -->
</table>

Depth comes after role

Heading levels MUST be the document-absolute levels of Heading Depth Across Pages§4.5. When only one page is available, the relative hierarchy the page shows MUST be kept consistent. The first heading on a page MUST NOT be assumed to be the top level, and a level that is common elsewhere MUST NOT be assumed for this page. Whether the deck convention applies is decided once for the file in Document Type§4.4; a level MUST NOT be copied from another document.

Related

• Heading Depth Across Pages§4.5 — choose the level after deciding that a line is a heading
• Recurring Page Furniture§4.6 — the document-wide call on repeated page-top labels
• Run-In Headings§6.8 — a label kept within its paragraph
• Numbered Section Headings§6.5 — numbered titles versus numbered content
• Titles Banners Captions§9.7.3 — table titles kept once, in their printed position

6.8 Run-In Headings

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

headings-run-in-headings · rule structure headings

A run-in heading is set at the start of its own paragraph, in bold or colour, with the body text continuing on the same line. Contracts number their clauses this way; glossaries print the term this way.

Section 11.1.1 The Department requires that business enterprises so certified by …
AMBIGUOUS  Confusing question in that it is capable of being understood in more than one sense.
  ↑ bold label, text continues on the same line

Requirements

• The label and its text MUST stay in one paragraph; a label that wraps onto a further line remains part of the same paragraph.
• The label's printed bold, italic, underline or small capitals MUST be kept as inline marks (see Bold and Italics§7.2.1, Underlined Text§7.2.12, Small Capitals§7.2.10).
• The label MUST NOT be split onto a line of its own or promoted to a heading: a lead-in rendered as a heading creates a false outline entry.
• A numbered title set on its own line, with its text beneath, is not run-in; it is a heading — see Numbered Section Headings§6.5.

✅ Sample — numbered contract clauses

Section 11.1.1 through 11.1.4 open their paragraphs in bold; Section 11.1 and 11.2 are set on their own lines, underlined, and behave as ordinary headings. Both shapes on one page. The two-line ARTICLE 11 title is one heading (see Stacked Headings§6.9). Heading depths are relative: the page, sheet 41 of 96, does not show the outline above the article.

## ARTICLE 11 ECONOMIC INCLUSION REQUIREMENTS

Section 11.1 Definitions
For purposes of this Article, the following terms have the meanings set out below, and apply to every Contract issued under this Agreement regardless of funding source.
Section 11.1.1 The Department requires that business enterprises so certified by the Office of Contract Compliance as a Locally Owned Small Business (an "LSB") be given a good faith opportunity to participate in the performance of Contracts financed in whole or in part with Department funds.
Section 11.1.2 "Utilization" means the dollar value of Work self-performed or subcontracted to a certified LSB, expressed as a percentage of the total base Contract value, exclusive of Owner-furnished materials and allowances.
Section 11.1.3 "Good Faith Effort" means the documented steps a Contractor takes to solicit, evaluate, and, where practicable, engage certified LSB firms, including the record-keeping described in Section 11.3.
Section 11.1.4 "Commercially Useful Function" means that the LSB firm is responsible for the execution of a distinct element of the Work and carries out its responsibilities by actually performing, managing, and supervising that element.
Section 11.2 Utilization Requirements
Each Contractor shall achieve a minimum LSB Utilization of eighteen percent (18%) of the total base Contract value, unless a lower or higher goal is stated in the Special Conditions for this Contract. Utilization credit is available only for Commercially Useful Function performed by a currently certified LSB firm, and is measured at Contract closeout as well as at the time of award.
Failure to meet the goal stated above, without a Good Faith Effort accepted in writing by the Office of Contract Compliance under Section 11.1.3, is a material breach of this Agreement and may result in the remedies described in Article 14.
Standard Construction Agreement — Article 11 — Page 41 of 96

✅ Sample — a glossary of objections

Thirty-odd entries, each a red bold term followed on the same line by its definition and a rule citation. Two entries carry a bold Note: inside the definition. The red is decoration and is not carried; the italic citations are. The left column is read before the right.

# Evidentiary Trial Objections

A quick-reference glossary for use at counsel table
Ambiguous. The question is capable of more than one reasonable meaning and calls for the witness to guess which one is intended. (R. Evid. 611)
Argumentative. The question states a conclusion and asks the witness to agree rather than seeking testimony. (R. Evid. 611)
<!-- … -->
Badgering the Witness. Counsel is harassing or intimidating the witness rather than eliciting testimony. (R. Evid. 611) Note: distinct from Argumentative, which attacks the answer rather than the witness.
<!-- … -->
Invades the Province of the Jury. The question asks the witness to decide an ultimate issue reserved for the jury. (R. Evid. 704) Note: most jurisdictions permit ultimate-issue opinions from experts; this objection is strongest against lay witnesses.
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — section numbers in the margin

32.5 and 32.6 sit in a left margin column beside their headings; 32.5.1 … 32.6.2 open their paragraphs in bold on the same line. The page also prints each paragraph number a second time, in plain type, in the margin column; both copies are printed, so both are kept, in reading order. Heading depths follow the numbering and assume chapters are top level; the running header is left out of this excerpt.

## 32.5 PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE

32.5.1 32.5.1 Basic and diluted earnings per share are shown with equal prominence on the face of the Statement of Comprehensive Income for each class of ordinary shares with different rights. Information presented should include:

profit or loss from continuing operations attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent entity;
profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent entity; and
any reported discontinued operation.

32.5.2 32.5.2 Basic and diluted losses per share are disclosed when they occur.
<!-- … -->
<hr/>
32.6 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
32.6.1 32.6.1 When discussing companies, investors and others commonly refer to earnings per share. If a company has a simple capital structure, one that contains no convertible bonds or preferred shares, no warrants or options, and no contingent shares, it will present only its basic earnings per share.
<!-- … -->

Labels followed by values

A label followed on the same line by a value or URL MUST be kept as a label–value pair in one paragraph. Small caps, colour or underlining do not make it a heading. See Recognising Ambiguous Headings§6.7.

Related

• Numbered Section Headings§6.5 — the same numbers on their own line, which are headings
• Stacked Headings§6.9 — the other way a heading fails to be one line
• Bold and Italics§7.2.1 — the label's bold is printed, so it is kept
• Recognising Ambiguous Headings§6.7 — run-in labels among the other heading look-alikes

6.9 Stacked Headings

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

headings-stacked-headings · rule structure headings

A stacked heading is printed over two or three centred lines: an article number over its title, a note number over a title that wraps. A company name printed over a statement name looks the same but is not part of the title.

                ARTICLE 11
     ECONOMIC INCLUSION REQUIREMENTS

21 Total equity
   reconciliation

The question is whether the break is a wrap or a hierarchy. 21 Total equity / reconciliation is a wrap. ARTICLE 11 / ECONOMIC INCLUSION REQUIREMENTS reads as a number and a title — and the number stays with the title.

Requirements

• The lines of one title MUST be joined with a single space, in printed order, into one heading.
• Its lines MUST NOT become two headings at the same level, nor a parent heading with a child.
• An article or note number printed above its title MUST be the start of that title's heading.
• A subtitle MAY be a separate element only where the document gives title and subtitle distinct roles; otherwise the lines are one heading.

✅ Sample — an article number over its title

ARTICLE 11 and ECONOMIC INCLUSION REQUIREMENTS are centred on two lines, both bold and underlined, at the same size. They form one heading. Its depth is relative: the page does not show the outline above the article.

## ARTICLE 11 ECONOMIC INCLUSION REQUIREMENTS

Section 11.1 Definitions
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — a note title that wraps

21 Total equity breaks to reconciliation on a second line in the same green face; the earlier 20 Reserves fits on one. Both note titles are printed inside the grid, under one shared header, so each is a full-width band row of a single table (see Split Tables Sharing a Header§9.2.9); the wrapped title is joined with a space in its cell.

<table>
  <tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">Consolidated</th> <th colspan="2">Merevald Retail Ltd</th> </tr>
  <tr> <th></th> <th>As at<br/>29 June 25<br/>$m</th> <th>As at<br/>23 June 24<br/>$m</th> <th>As at<br/>29 June 25<br/>$m</th> <th>As at<br/>23 June 24<br/>$m</th> </tr>
  <tr> <th colspan="5">20 Reserves</th> </tr>
  <tr> <td><strong>Reserves</strong></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Capital profits reserve</td> <td>58.4</td> <td>56.2</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.4</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Asset revaluation reserve</td> <td>64.1</td> <td>65.9</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.5</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>General reserve</td> <td>41.3</td> <td>41.3</td> <td>40.2</td> <td>40.2</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Foreign currency translation reserve</td> <td>(0.8)</td> <td>(1.9)</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td></td> <td><strong>162.9</strong></td> <td><strong>161.5</strong></td> <td><strong>43.1</strong></td> <td><strong>43.1</strong></td> </tr>
  <tr> <th colspan="5">21 Total equity reconciliation</th> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Total equity at beginning of period</td> <td>1,348.9</td> <td>1,441.6</td> <td>982.2</td> <td>1,061.3</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Total changes in equity recognised in the statement of financial performance</td> <td>498.6</td> <td>421.1</td> <td>344.0</td> <td>436.5</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td><strong>Transactions with owners as owners:</strong></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>– Issue of shares as per note 16</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>87.3</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>87.3</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>– Dividends paid or provided</td> <td>(305.4)</td> <td>(251.0)</td> <td>(305.4)</td> <td>(251.0)</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td><strong>Total equity at end of period</strong></td> <td><strong>1,610.7</strong></td> <td><strong>1,348.9</strong></td> <td><strong>1,088.5</strong></td> <td><strong>982.2</strong></td> </tr>
</table>

Company name over a statement title

A company or entity name set directly above a statement, report or agreement title is not part of the title. It MUST be rendered as its own paragraph above the heading, keeping its printed emphasis, and the heading is the title alone:

**CORVANE MEDIA CORPORATION**

# CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(unaudited; $ in millions)

The heading then names the document, so an outline reads "Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets" rather than repeating the company in every statement title. The same holds for financial statements, agreements and reports alike. The units or date line beneath MUST also stay a separate paragraph. A company name with no title beneath it — only a grid, or a running stack repeated on every page — is furniture; the repetition is judged across the document, see Recurring Page Furniture§4.6.

Furniture is separated before a title is joined

Exhibit labels, units lines and other furniture MUST be separated from the title before its lines are joined; only the lines of the title itself are joined. See Recognising Ambiguous Headings§6.7 for the distinction between titles and furniture.

Related

• Run-In Headings§6.8 — the heading that shares a line with its paragraph
• Numbered Section Headings§6.5 — the level a printed number implies
• Header Wrap vs Real Tier§9.3.2 — the same wrap-or-tier question inside a table header
• Line Breaks Inside a Block§6.2 — one block over several lines outside headings

6.10 Table of Contents

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

lists-table-of-contents · layout lists navigation

A contents page pairs each label with a page number, usually across a dot leader.

Chapter 3 — Reserving  . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
Chapter 4 — Pricing    . . . . . . . . . . . .  63

Rendering

Printed:   1  Introduction ....................  3
              1.1  Scope ......................  4
           2  Reserving .......................  47

- 1 Introduction 3
  - 1.1 Scope 4
- 2 Reserving 47

• Every printed entry MUST survive, with its page number(s) attached to the right label.
• The label and the number are separated by a single space. The dot leaders produce nothing — see Dot Leader Lines§6.1.
• Nesting shown by indentation MUST be carried as list nesting, not flattened.
• An entry with several page references keeps them all, as printed: HCR 2.603(A) 4-50, 4-57.
• A contents page is navigation, not data: rendering it as a table would make it read as facts to anything that consumes the page. A list also holds a run of page references that a two-column table could only cram into one cell.

The exception is a contents page printed as a real ruled grid with column headers (Section | Title | Page). That is a table by the ordinary rules of Is This Even a Table§9.1.5, not a contents exception.

✅ Sample — a table of authorities with several pages per entry

HCR 2.603(D) 3-27, 4-49, 4-54, … — each rule followed by a run of page references in blue, no leaders, one to twelve references per line. A label paired with a list of numbers. The entries form a list, each rule followed by its references; the blue is decoration. The running header and footer bands open and close the page.

Table of Authorities: Halvana Court Rules
Civil Proceedings Benchbook – Second Edition


HCR 2.513(O) 7-54
HCR 2.513(P) 7-54, 7-55
HCR 2.514(A) 7-26, 7-56
<!-- … -->
HCR 2.603 3-3, 3-25, 4-6, 4-55, 4-57, 4-59, 4-68, 8-2
HCR 2.603(A) 4-50, 4-57
HCR 2.603(B) 4-52, 4-53, 4-54, 4-58
HCR 2.603(C) 9-71
HCR 2.603(D) 3-27, 4-49, 4-54, 4-55, 4-56, 4-57, 4-58, 4-59, 4-60, 4-63
<!-- … -->
HCR 2.612(C) 4-54, 4-61, 4-62, 4-63, 4-64, 4-65, 4-66, 4-67, 4-68, 8-4, 8-9, 8-14
HCR 2.613(A) 4-29, 8-4

Halvana Judicial Institute TOA: HCRs – 9

Related

• Dot Leader Lines§6.1 — what the dots become
• Is This Even a Table§9.1.5 — the test that applies to a contents page printed as a ruled grid
• Bullets and Sub-Bullets§8.1 — how list nesting is written

6.11 Transcript Pages

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

layout-transcript-pages · layout structure legal line-numbers

A deposition or hearing transcript: numbered lines 1–25, a Q / A column, and text that wraps to the left margin on its continuation lines. The line numbers are cited ("page 47, line 12"), so the line structure is part of the content in a way ordinary prose is not.

 4    Q    Was ████████ paying that before?
 5    A    Yes, he was.
 6    Q    At the time of the temporary hearing, he was
 7  paying the car insurance?

Rendering

• Each speaker turn — a Q, an A, or a colloquy line such as MR. HALE: or THE COURT: — MUST be its own paragraph, separated from the next by a blank line.
• The turn MUST begin with its speaker marker exactly as printed (Q, not Q:), followed by its text.
• A turn that wraps onto further printed lines MUST be joined into one paragraph: the continuation lines carry no marker on the page, and they carry none in the output.
• The printed line numbers MUST NOT appear in the Markdown, and the page MUST NOT be rendered as a line | speaker | text table.

Citing a line

Transcripts are cited by page and line ("page 83, line 13"). The citation is carried by the line_numbers map defined in Pleading Line Numbers§5.8: when line numbers are requested, each printed number beside text gets an entry whose span covers that line's text inside its turn's paragraph. A wrapped turn therefore keeps both of its line numbers even though it is one paragraph.

✅ Sample — a deposition page

Twenty-five numbered lines in a ruled frame, Q and A in their own column, three turns wrapping to the left margin (lines 6–7, 12–13 and 24–25), each joined into one paragraph, a black redaction bar inside line 4, the folio 83 above the frame and the reporting firm's name and telephone number as a footer.

83

A My delivery van insurance.
Q And what's that?
A $150 a month.
Q Was [REDACTED] paying that before?
A Yes, he was.
Q At the time of the partnership split, he was covering the van insurance?
A Yes.
Q Okay. And what other expenses have you taken on?
A The warehouse lease and the delivery routes.
Q And what are the delivery routes?
A The downtown loop and the harbor route. And we are in the process of adding a third route for the weekend orders.
Q When did you start the harbor route?
A Last spring.
Q What does the harbor route cost a month?
A About $80 in fuel.
Q Do you have a fleet discount on the van?
A Yes, we do.
Q It's about 90 bucks, $95?
A No. We pay $60.
Q Are you telling me I'm getting the wrong number?
A We have a loyalty discount.
Q And the third route, that's something you're discussing, but it hasn't started yet?
HALVERSTON REPORTING (415) 555-0148

Related

• Pleading Line Numbers§5.8 — the same margin numbers on a filing, and the line_numbers map
• Redacted Text§7.3.8 — the bar in line 4
• Verse and Hard Line Breaks§7.2.13 — text whose line breaks are content, unlike a transcript's

7.1 Text Formatting Conventions

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-text-formatting-conventions · text formatting inline

This is the inline-markup table for the whole protocol. Each row states its requirement; the linked rule holds the detail, the sub-cases and the examples.

Why HTML elements at all

Markdown has no syntax for underline, superscript, subscript or highlight. The HTML element passes through every downstream Markdown renderer unchanged, and it survives a round-trip: a reader can strip it, render it or read the base characters underneath. A Unicode substitute (², ₂) does not, which is why Superscript and Subscript§7.2.11 forbids it.

Related

• Markdown Rendering§3.2 — the block-level constructs, of which this table is the inline half
• Elements§3.1 — the Text class takes its inline marks from this table
• Quick Reference§D.1 — every rule's requirement on one page

7.2.1 Bold and Italics

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-bold-and-italics · text formatting inline

HTML elements are reserved for marks Markdown cannot express at all — see Underlined Text§7.2.12, Superscript and Subscript§7.2.11 and Highlighted Text§7.2.5. <b>, <i>, <strong> and <em> MUST NOT be used for ordinary emphasis in the Markdown text.

Where ** cannot close

CommonMark cannot close ** or * between a punctuation mark and a letter: **---**To be is not bold when rendered. In exactly that case — the emphasised run ends in punctuation and a letter or digit follows with no space — the run MUST be written with <strong> (bold) or <em> (italic) instead: <strong>---</strong>To be. Everywhere else the Markdown delimiters are used. (Inside HTML table cells, emphasis is always <strong> / <em> — see Bold and Italic Inside Tables§9.6.2.)

Styling comes from the glyphs, not from the role

The syntax is the easy half. The failure that costs fidelity is styling text because of what it is rather than what it looks like: bolding a heading because headings are usually bold, or bolding a whole column because one cell in it is heavy.

• Styling MUST be decided from the glyphs on the page, one run of text at a time.
• A run MUST NOT be styled because of its role (heading, label, total) when its glyphs are not heavier or slanted.
• Where it cannot be established whether a run is heavier than its neighbours, the run SHOULD be left unstyled. An unmarked run loses a nuance; a wrongly marked one asserts something the page does not print — the never invent failure.

Tables are where this goes wrong most often, and they are judged cell by cell — see Bold and Italic Inside Tables§9.6.2.

Related

• Bold and Italic Inside Tables§9.6.2 — the same rule applied cell by cell, where over-application is most common
• Text Formatting Conventions§7.1 — the full inline-markup table
• Drop Caps§7.2.3 — size is typography, not a style the output records

7.2.2 Displayed Equations

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-displayed-equations · text formatting math

A displayed equation is set on its own line, usually centred, often with a number at the right margin — (1), (2) — that the prose cites.

                 ΔE = ΔE⁰ − (RT / m·F) [ ln(θ / 1−θ) + fθ + gθ^(3/2) ]          (1)

Requirements

• The delimiters are those of Inline Equations§7.2.6: $$ … $$, never single $.
• The equation number MUST be kept. It is content — "as shown in (1)" appears in the prose — and dropping it is the one option that loses something (never drop).
• The number MUST be written after the closing $$, as plain text, in the same block — not inside the LaTeX, and not as a separate paragraph. The Formula block includes its number; see Block Classes§5.3.
• An unnumbered display MUST NOT be given a number.

✅ Sample — numbered equations in a two-column article

Two display equations, numbered (1) and (2) at the right margin, each cited in the surrounding text. Equation (2) spans the full column width and wraps after ⇒; the wrap is typesetting, so the LaTeX is one line. The symbol cited in the prose after (1) is itself maths and takes the inline form.

UPD represents a potential dependent adsorption with great sensitivity and selectivity towards the nature of the metal surface and its termination. The complexity of the voltammetry features arises from the existence of one or more UPD ML superstructures<sup>22,23</sup> and/or one or more UPD MLs formed.<sup>24,25</sup>

$$\Delta E = \Delta E^{0}_{\theta \to 0} - (RT / mF) \cdot [\ln(\theta/(1-\theta)) + f\theta + g\theta^{3/2}]$$ (1)
Here the $$\Delta E^{0}_{\theta \to 0}$$ term represents the underpotential of the most positive stripping peak of the UPD adlayer where its coverage approaches zero. The term f is the Temkin parameter describing the attractive UPD ML–substrate interactions, as given in Eq. (1).
<!-- … -->
The UPD ML coverage can be controlled effectively down to a fraction of a monolayer by proper choice of an underpotential. The amount of deposited P is controlled by the reaction stoichiometry and the coverage of the UPD ML of metal M. The most general formulation of the SLRR reaction is given by the following equation:<sup>16</sup>
$$(\theta_{M} \cdot \rho_{M}^{\mathrm{UPD}}) \cdot M^{0}{\mathrm{UPD}}/S(h,k,l) + (\theta{M} \cdot \rho_{M}^{\mathrm{UPD}}) \cdot (m/p)P^{p+}{\mathrm{solv}} \Rightarrow (\theta{M} \cdot \rho_{M}^{\mathrm{UPD}}) \cdot M^{m+}{\mathrm{solv}} + (\theta{M} \cdot \rho_{M}^{\mathrm{UPD}}) \cdot (m/p)P^{0}_{s}/S(h,k,l)$$ (2)
(continued on next page)

✅ Sample — a typewritten paper

Equation V = pu_y numbered (2) at the right margin, then an unnumbered display ½ mV², in a scanned typewritten proceedings page. Run-in underlined headings, also set in italic, open two paragraphs.

<!-- … -->

<u>Velocity Spectra.</u> Another method of presenting the same data is of interest here. This method involves the concept of a spectral velocity for the elasto-plastic system. The definition which is most convenient is to define the spectral velocity V by the relationship
$$V = pu_{y}$$ (2)
where p denotes the undamped circular natural frequency of the system. Then the quantity
$$\frac{1}{2} mV^{2}$$
represents the maximum recoverable strain energy of the system. It should be noted that this definition of the spectral velocity for the elasto-plastic system is consistent with that used for elastic systems, since in an elastic system the yield deformation may be taken equal to the maximum elastic deformation.
<u>Relation Between Input Motion and Response Values.</u> It is convenient to plot velocity spectra on a four-way logarithmic grid, so that displacement, velocity, acceleration and period may all be read from a single chart.

Formulas drawn as boxes

A formula laid out as boxes joined by operators is still an equation.

• A boxed arithmetic formula MUST be written in $$ … $$, keeping every printed operand, operator and label; the box labels become the operands.
• Where the boxes express a process rather than an equation, the region is a diagram and MUST be rendered as a diagram block instead — see Images and Figures§12.1.2.

✅ Sample — a formula drawn as boxes

Source: Defense Business Practice Implementation Board, Financial Indicators Task Group, Report FY03-1, "Capital Asset Growth Rate" (public domain)

A growth-rate calculation laid out as black boxes: two boxes joined by - over a rule, a third box beneath, each box holding a labelled sum in bold white type. It is a fraction with no LaTeX on the page. The grouping the boxes print becomes parentheses in the numerator.

**Calculation:**

$$\frac{\left(\textbf{Inventory and Related Property (current year)} + \textbf{General Property, Plant and Equipment (current year)}\right) - \left(\textbf{Inventory and Related Property (prior year)} + \textbf{General Property, Plant and Equipment (prior year)}\right)}{\textbf{Inventory and Related Property (prior year)} + \textbf{General Property, Plant and Equipment (prior year)}}$$
<!-- … -->

Related

• Inline Equations§7.2.6 — the delimiters
• Block Classes§5.3 — the Formula block carries its number
• Images and Figures§12.1.2 — where boxes describe a process, the region is a diagram
• Drop Caps§7.2.3 — the article sample opens with one

7.2.3 Drop Caps

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-drop-caps · text formatting inline

A drop cap is an enlarged first letter, sunk two or more lines into the opening paragraph. The letter belongs to the first word; the text layer often separates it, and a line-by-line reading puts the rest of the word on a different line from its initial.

T  he modern Recreational Boating Safety (RBS)
   Program traces its inception to the Federal Boat
   Safety Act (FBSA) of 1971.

Requirements

• The initial MUST be joined to its word. The page prints one word in two sizes, not two words.
• The letter MUST NOT be bolded, enlarged or otherwise marked. Size here is typography, not emphasis — the same reasoning as Bold and Italics§7.2.1.
• A decorated or ornamental initial is treated the same way: it is still the letter.
• The letter MUST be read from the image, not the text layer — see Cell Text Fidelity§9.6.3. A legible initial MUST NOT be dropped or replaced by the text layer's reading.

✅ Sample — a magazine opener

Source: U.S. Coast Guard, "The Value of the Recreational Boating Safety Program" by Verne Gifford, Chief, Boating Safety Division, Proceedings Vol. 83 No. 1, p.7 (public domain)

The article opens with a three-line "T"; the first word is "The". The text layer of the file splits it as T then he.

The modern Recreational Boating Safety (RBS) Program traces its inception to the Federal Boat Safety Act (FBSA) of 1971. The Act’s purpose was to improve boating safety by encouraging and assisting participation by the states, industry, and public. It also established national construction and performance standards and created flexible regulatory authority concerning boats. Since then, the many elements of the National RBS Program have successfully reduced incidents, injuries, and deaths. Led by the State RBS and National Nonprofit Organization grant programs, the combined effects of many program elements, and safer boats and boaters, the RBS Program achieved the fewest number of boating deaths in its history—a key measure of success.

✅ Sample — a journal article

A four-line "D" opening "Deposition via surface limited redox replacement". The citation 2–4 is split across two lines by the column; it is one superscript. The same page carries numbered display equations — see Displayed Equations§7.2.2.

Deposition via surface limited redox replacement (SLRR) of underpotentially-deposited (UPD) monolayer (ML)<sup>1</sup> has gained many applications in the last two decades.<sup>2–4</sup> The caveat of this deposition method is the use of the M UPD ML as sacrificial material to reduce/deposit a more noble metal P (galvanic displacement). Over the years, several experimental protocols have been developed. The first basic protocol<sup>1,5</sup> involves formation of a UPD ML of M on the substrate S(h,k,l) (potential controlled step) and then subsequent immersion of M<sub>UPD</sub>/S(h,k,l) in a separate solution where SLRR occurs and deposition of P takes place at open circuit (sample shuffling approach).

<!-- … -->

Related

• Bold and Italics§7.2.1 — styling comes from the glyphs, and size is not a style the output records
• Cell Text Fidelity§9.6.3 — the image wins over the text layer
• Line-End Hyphenation§7.2.7 — the other place the text layer splits a word

7.2.4 Escaping Printed Marks

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-escaping-printed-marks · text formatting inline

Some marks a document prints are also Markdown's own punctuation: a menu that flags allergens with **, a form that labels a field _____, a legal citation using |. The mark is transcribed, and kept from being read as markup.

Melt-in-the-Middle Fish Pie Fishcake**      ← ** is a printed allergen marker
Beer-Battered Haddock & Chips§**               pointing at a legend elsewhere

Written unescaped, that ** opens a bold span that never closes and swallows the rest of the block.

What to escape

| Printed | Output | Would otherwise | | --- | --- | --- | | * ** | \* \*\* | Open emphasis or bold | | _ __ | \_ \__ | Open emphasis, or vanish inside a word | | # at line start | \# | Become a heading | | | inside a table cell | \| | Split the cell | | ` | \` | Open a code span | | ~~ | \~\~ | Strike the text through | | --- at line start | \-\-\- | Become a horizontal rule, or collide with the page separator | | A literal bracketed number or word — [1], [date] | \[1\], \[date\] | Read as a marker ([x], [blank]) or a form id | | A literal angle-bracket placeholder — <NAME> | <NAME> | Be read as an HTML tag and vanish |

• Escaping SHOULD be applied only where the collision is real. A * in the middle of a word, or a # mid-sentence, needs nothing.
• A printed character MUST NOT be replaced by a different mark to avoid the collision: rewriting ** as <sup>2</sup> or as a word is the never invent failure, and dropping it is the never drop one. The marker is the only thing tying an item to its legend; a legend entry with nothing pointing at it is unusable.

A raised marker is still a superscript

Escaping decides how the character survives; it does not decide its position. A marker printed above the baseline MUST be written <sup>\*\*</sup> — both rules apply, and neither substitutes for the other. See Superscript and Subscript§7.2.11.

Dashes, literal brackets and angle brackets

✅ Sample — lines that open with three dashes

Every sub-point on the slide begins with --- as its marker, printed bold. Left as printed, each line becomes a horizontal rule and its text vanishes into the rule above. The --- in the middle of New Strategy---Fund is not at line start and needs no escape.

# Financial Highlights of the Games 1/2

I. State Govt./Local Govt./Games Committees (Bid & Organ.)
---Decades of Effort with IWGC to Bid on Games
---New Strategy---Fund, Plan, and Build Facilities
II. 1990-Halvana Citizens Approve Games
Earmarking Sales Tax
---$ 60 Million over 10 years-years 1991 to 2000
<strong>---</strong>To be Repaid from HGOC Games Revenues
III. 1991-Halvana Sports Authority Created by Law
---Games Sites Identified with Local Govt's
<strong>---</strong>Local Partnership Contracts and Construction Begins
---Halv. Sports Auth.- Commissions Halvana Financial Model
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — bracketed numbers that are not form ids

[1], [2], [3] number the sub-items of a note; the value None sits at the right. The same page carries (1), (2), (3) for the items above them, which need no escape. The bold heading *Notes opens with a printed asterisk.

**\*Notes**

(1) Important changes in the scope of the consolidation during period: None
(2) Changes in accounting policies; changes in accounting estimates
[1] Changes in accounting policies required by IFRS None
[2] Changes in accounting policies other than those in [1] None
[3] Changes in accounting estimates None
(3) Number of outstanding shares (common shares)
[1] Number of outstanding shares (including treasury shares)
March 2026 186,420,500
March 2025 186,420,500
[2] Number of treasury shares
March 2026 1,905,220
March 2025 1,942,810
[3] Average number of common shares outstanding during the fiscal year (shares)
March 2026 184,551,020
March 2025 184,498,610

✅ Sample — bracketed template placeholders

[#say on oath #affirm], [date], [name], [specify language] printed on grey highlights inside the sentences of a court template. Every one would read as a form id or a checkbox, and the grey is a highlight — see Highlighted Text§7.2.5. The italic notice [on separate page] under the page number is bracketed too.

3

[on separate page]
<!-- … -->
I <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[#say on oath #affirm]</mark>:

I am an accredited interpreter as defined in the Court Interpreter Standards Code 2019 in the following languages <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[provide details of the languages]</mark>.

My <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[#accreditation #registration #recognition]</mark> to interpret the languages set out in paragraph 1 has been issued by <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[provide details of the recognised agency]</mark>.

On <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[date]</mark> I sight translated the above affidavit of <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[name]</mark> dated <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[date]</mark> (the Affidavit) to <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[name]</mark> (the Deponent) in the <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[specify language]</mark> language.

Before translating the Affidavit, I:
a. read the code of conduct contained in Schedule 4B to the Court Interpreter Standards Code 2019 and agreed to be bound by it; and
b. was given adequate opportunity to prepare to sight translate the Affidavit.

After I sight translated the entire Affidavit to the Deponent, the Deponent then:
a. informed the person responsible for the preparation of the Affidavit through me that the Deponent understood my interpretation and agreed with the entire contents of the Affidavit; and
b. <mark style="background-color: lightgray">[#swore #affirmed]</mark> the Affidavit in my presence.

✅ Sample — angle-bracket placeholders

<LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY>, <AFFIANT SIGNATURE>, <TYPE NAME OF AFFIANT> on grey highlights. Left as printed, each is an HTML tag and vanishes from a rendered page. The first line is the tail of a placeholder that began on the previous page, so only its closing > is printed. The ruled lines are empty fields — see Blanks Inside Sentences§10.4.1.

<mark style="background-color: gainsboro">EXPENSES AND DEBTS OF DECEDENT OR STATE “NONE”&gt;</mark>


There are no unpaid estate or inheritance taxes, except: <mark style="background-color: gainsboro">&lt;LIST UNPAID ESTATE OR INHERITANCE TAXES OR STATE “NONE”&gt;</mark>

To the best of my knowledge, Decedent owned an interest in the following real property:
<mark style="background-color: gainsboro">&lt;LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY&gt;</mark>

<mark style="background-color: gainsboro">(Optional)</mark> The following were the heirs of Decedent: <mark style="background-color: gainsboro">&lt;LIST ALL DESCENDANTS OF DECEDENT&gt;</mark>
a. [blank]
b. [blank]
c. [blank]


<mark style="background-color: gainsboro">&lt;AFFIANT SIGNATURE&gt;</mark>
[blank]
<mark style="background-color: gainsboro">&lt;TYPE NAME OF AFFIANT&gt;</mark>
SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN TO before me on [blank], 20[blank], by [blank].
<!-- … -->

Related

• Superscript and Subscript§7.2.11 — a raised marker is tagged as well as escaped
• Text Formatting Conventions§7.1 — the full inline-markup table
• Marks and Symbols in Cells§9.6.6 — where a printed marker belongs inside a table
• Markdown Rendering§3.2 — why --- is reserved for page boundaries

7.2.5 Highlighted Text

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-highlighted-text · text formatting color

Text printed on a highlighter background is content, not decoration. The highlight MUST NOT be dropped, and MUST NOT be reduced to bold or italic.

<mark style="background-color: yellow">the highlighted phrase</mark>

Requirements

• The colour MUST be named with the nearest HTML colour name — yellow, green, cyan, magenta, lightgray — not a hex value or an invented label. That keeps the vocabulary finite and matches the treatment of colour in Text Colors§7.3.12 and Color as the Value§9.6.4.
• The <mark> MUST cover exactly the run of text that carries the background. If the highlight stops mid-sentence, so does the <mark>.
• Inside a table, only the cells whose background is actually coloured are marked; a whole row or column MUST NOT be marked because part of it is highlighted — the same over-application problem as Bold and Italic Inside Tables§9.6.2.

Why keep the colour

In a reviewed document, different highlight colours usually mean different things — one reviewer per colour, or one category per colour. A bare <mark> collapses that distinction and there is no way to recover it afterwards.

Related

• Text Colors§7.3.12 — the same colour vocabulary for coloured text
• Bold and Italic Inside Tables§9.6.2 — highlighting inside tables inherits the over-application problem
• Escaping Printed Marks§7.2.4 — highlighted template placeholders, marked and escaped

7.2.6 Inline Equations

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-inline-equations · text formatting math

the coefficient $$\alpha$$ is fixed

The same delimiters apply whether the equation sits in the middle of a sentence or on a line of its own; there is no separate inline form. Displayed equations and their numbers are covered in Displayed Equations§7.2.2.

Why double delimiters

A lone $ is ambiguous. Notebook and Markdown renderers treat an unrelated currency sign further down the page as the closing delimiter, open an unterminated maths span and swallow everything after it. Doubling the delimiter removes the ambiguity. It is non-standard for inline maths, and that cost is accepted.

Related

• Displayed Equations§7.2.2 — equations on their own line, with their printed number
• Text Formatting Conventions§7.1 — the full inline-markup table
• Chemical Molecules§13.1 — LaTeX packages for chemistry

7.2.7 Line-End Hyphenation

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-line-end-hyphenation · text formatting fidelity

Justified prose breaks words at line ends with a hyphen. The break is typesetting; the word is one word. But a compound that happens to break at its own hyphen looks identical.

… judges on the Court of Appeals for the District of Co-
lumbia Circuit concluded …                              ← join: Columbia

… And sales of air-
conditioning, industrial and other equipment …          ← keep: air-conditioning

Keeping the hyphen when unsure is the never drop side of the choice: a printed glyph survives, and nothing the page does not show is asserted.

✅ Sample — a Supreme Court slip opinion

Source: Supreme Court of the United States, Opinion of the Court, 609 U.S. ___ (2026), p.3 (public domain)

Justified text breaking Gov-ernment, human-itarian, Co-lumbia, prose-cutorial, [c]on-trol, Shaugh-nessy, en-trusted and Ho-tel at line ends, plus a footnote with Im-migration. None of these are compounds. A hyphenated compound elsewhere on the page, separation-of-powers, sits mid-line and keeps its hyphens.

<!-- … -->

indefinitely.<sup>1</sup> Beginning in 1960, the Government used this mechanism to provide humanitarian relief similar to that now furnished by TPS. Under a program that came to be known as “Extended Voluntary Departure” (EVD), the Government authorized deferred departure for nationals from countries where living conditions had become unsafe. EVD allowed aliens from those countries to remain in the United States until the Government concluded that conditions had improved. The Government granted EVD to nationals of at least 14 countries. H. R. Rep. No. 98–1142, p. 4 (1984).
Under this regime, the grant and termination of humanitarian relief was purely a matter of executive discretion, and judges on the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit concluded that the Executive’s decision to withhold such relief was an unreviewable exercise of prosecutorial discretion. Hotel & Restaurant Employees Union, Local 25 v. Smith, 846 F. 2d 1499, 1519–1520 (CADC 1988) (opinion of Silberman, J.); see also id., at 1510 (opinion of Mikva, J.) (“[T]he court has no meaningful standard against which to judge the agency’s exercise of discretion to deny EVD status in this case”). Judge Silberman, joined by three other judges, observed that review of an EVD decision would raise separation-of-powers concerns because “[c]ontrol of the country’s policy toward aliens is ‘inherent in the executive power to control the foreign affairs of the nation,’” id., at 1520 (quoting United States ex rel. Knauff v. Shaughnessy, 338 U. S. 537, 542 (1950)), and “‘[m]atters relating “to the conduct of foreign relations . . . are so exclusively entrusted to the political branches of government as to be largely immune from judicial inquiry or interference,”’” Hotel & Restaurant Employees Union, 846 F. 3d, at 1520. Judge Silberman therefore concluded that judicial review
<!-- … -->
<sup>1</sup>See H. R. Rep. No. 98–1142, p. 4 (1984); L. Oswald, Note, Extended Voluntary Departure: Limiting the Attorney General’s Discretion in Immigration Matters, 85 Mich. L. Rev. 152, 155–156 (1986).

✅ Sample — compounds broken at their own hyphen

e- / government, air- / conditioning and private- / sector all break exactly at a hyphen the word carries anyway. Joining without the hyphen would produce egovernment.

<!-- … -->

By segment, Information & Telecommunication Systems sales rose 5%, to 1,742.3 billion yen (US$14,520 million) despite difficult market conditions characterized by a slow recovery in worldwide IT demand. Underpinning sales was increased demand for storage systems and integration services such as for e-government-related projects in Halvonia. The segment recorded operating income of 98.4 billion yen (US$821 million), up 184% year on year due to several factors. One was the benefits of structural reforms that have been implemented since fiscal 2024, primarily in the telecommunication equipment sector. Another was increased earnings from storage systems and systems integration services.
<!-- … -->
In Power & Industrial Systems, sales from maintenance services for nuclear and thermal power generation plants of Halvonian electric power companies declined. And sales of air-conditioning, industrial and other equipment declined because of the fall-off in private-sector plant and equipment investment in Halvonia. Nevertheless, segment sales rose 2%, to 2,058.0 billion yen (US$17,150 million) on sharply higher sales in automotive equipment operations in line with the inclusion in consolidated results of the former Kestrel Precision Corporation (now Borvika Automotive Systems, Ltd.), which became a wholly owned subsidiary in October 2025, and brisk demand for construction machinery in overseas markets. The segment saw operating income decrease 4%, to 47.9 billion yen (US$400 million) despite a significant improvement in profitability in construction machinery operations.
<!-- … -->

Related

• Cell Text Fidelity§9.6.3 — homoglyph hyphens, which are a different question
• Drop Caps§7.2.3 — the other place the text layer splits a word
• Header Wrap vs Real Tier§9.3.2 — a wrap inside a table header

7.2.8 Links

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-links · text formatting

Default

Contact support@example.com or see https://example.com/pricing

When link extraction is requested

Contact <support@example.com> or see [https://example.com/pricing](https://example.com/pricing)

Why raw text

The output is read mostly by a model or an extraction step. Link punctuation adds noise to every chunk for a payload most readers never use. Raw text keeps the default output clean and still leaves the address recoverable.

Anchor text that differs from its target

When the printed words differ from the target — click here pointing at a long URL — the output MUST keep the printed words as they appear. Under the raw-text default the target is not represented, and it MUST NOT be added in place of, or beside, the printed words: the page does not print it (never invent).

Related

• Text Formatting Conventions§7.1 — the full inline-markup table
• QR Codes and Bar Codes§7.3.7 — a URL carried by a code rather than printed text
• Output Options§3.5 — other outputs that depend on what the producer was asked for

7.2.9 Quote Blocks

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-quote-blocks · text formatting

A boxed or inset region on the page renders as:

## here we go
Yeah

not:

>
> ## here we go
> Yeah

Why flatten

Block-quote markers interact badly with headings and tables that sit inside the quoted region. Most inset regions in real documents are not quotations at all — they are callouts, pull quotes or sidebars that happen to be visually offset. Flattening keeps the content addressable. The cost is losing the "this was inset" signal, and that cost is accepted.

A real quotation

In prose documents an inset block sometimes does mean someone else said this. It is flattened all the same: the words survive, and every printed character of them — quotation marks, attribution line — MUST be kept.

Related

• Text Formatting Conventions§7.1 — the full inline-markup table
• Reading Order§5.9 — where an inset region's content falls in the page's sequence
• Escaping Printed Marks§7.2.4 — printed characters that are also Markdown syntax

7.2.10 Small Capitals

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-small-capitals · text formatting inline

Running heads, bylines and firm names are often set in small capitals: capital letterforms at lowercase height, usually with a full-size initial. The text layer may hold Jackson while the page shows JACKSON; Markdown has no small-caps mark.

JACKSON, J., dissenting          ← small caps on the page
WASSON & ASSOCIATES, CHARTERED   ← the same face, full name

Requirements

• Every letter printed as a capital letterform — full-size or small — MUST be an uppercase letter in the output.
• The rendered letterforms take precedence over the text layer's casing — see Cell Text Fidelity§9.6.3.
• Small caps are not emphasis: they MUST NOT be turned into bold, italic or an HTML style. Bold or italic set in small caps is still marked, from the glyph weight and slant — see Bold and Italics§7.2.1.
• Letter-spacing is typography, not content: the letters of a spaced word MUST be written as one word.

✅ Sample — a running head

Source: Supreme Court of the United States, Jackson, J., dissenting, 600 U.S. ___ (2023), p.15 (public domain)

JACKSON, J., dissenting centred under the citation line, in small capitals; the citation line itself carries a printed ____, and the page number 15 sits at its right.

Cite as: 600 U. S. \_\_\_\_ (2023)

15
JACKSON, J., dissenting
<!-- … -->

✅ Sample — a letter-spaced footer

HALVORNE & VOSS, CHARTERED in bold small caps with wide letter-spacing, over an address line. The masthead's Trial Law TIPS, in bold italic, is also letter-spaced, which the text layer renders as Tria l La w; the page shows the words Trial Law.

***Trial Law
TIPS***

Page 9
<!-- … -->
HALVORNE & VOSS, CHARTERED
410 Harbor Row, Suite 300, Port Selby, ST 55021
(555) 013-0220 dale@halvorneandvoss.example

✅ Sample — run-in small-cap headings in a statute

Source: Public Law 114-255 (21st Century Cures Act), 130 Stat. 1278, §13001 (public domain)

(2) NO PARTICULAR OR UNIFORM ELECTRONIC VISIT VERIFICATION SYSTEM REQUIRED.—Nothing in the amendment …: the heading in small capitals, an em dash, then the paragraph on the same line. See Run-In Headings§6.8. Heading (4) and the body text break words at line ends (REQUIRE-MENTS, selec-tion, elec-tronic), which are joined — see Line-End Hyphenation§7.2.7.

<!-- … -->

(2) NO PARTICULAR OR UNIFORM ELECTRONIC VISIT VERIFICATION SYSTEM REQUIRED.—Nothing in the amendment made by this section shall be construed to require the use of a particular or uniform electronic visit verification system (as defined in subsection (l)(5) of section 1903 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1396b), as inserted by subsection (a)) by all agencies or entities that provide personal care services or home health care under a State plan under title XIX of the Social Security Act (or under a waiver of the plan) (42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.).
(3) NO LIMITS ON PROVISION OF CARE.—Nothing in the amendment made by this section may be construed to limit, with respect to personal care services or home health care services provided under a State plan under title XIX of the Social Security Act (or under a waiver of the plan) (42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.), provider selection, constrain beneficiaries’ selection of a caregiver, or impede the manner in which care is delivered.
(4) NO PROHIBITION ON STATE QUALITY MEASURES REQUIREMENTS.—Nothing in the amendment made by this section shall be construed as prohibiting a State, in implementing an electronic visit verification system (as defined in subsection (l)(5) of section 1903 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1396b), as inserted by subsection (a)), from establishing requirements related to quality measures for such system.
<!-- … -->

Related

• Cell Text Fidelity§9.6.3 — the image wins over the text layer
• Bold and Italics§7.2.1 — styling comes from the glyphs
• Run-In Headings§6.8 — the statute's small-cap headings run into their paragraphs
• Escaping Printed Marks§7.2.4 — the ____ on the first sample

7.2.11 Superscript and Subscript

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-superscript-and-subscript · text formatting inline

H<sub>2</sub>O        ← conforming
H₂O                   ← non-conforming

The same applies to superscripts: x<sup>2</sup>, not x². Inside an equation, raised and lowered terms are LaTeX ^{…} and _{…} within $$ … $$ — see Inline Equations§7.2.6.

Why the tag

A tag round-trips: a reader can strip it, render it, or read the base character underneath. A Unicode glyph is lossy in the other direction — ₂ does not compare equal to 2, so a downstream numeric parse or string match silently fails. Unicode also has no raised or lowered form for most characters, so substitution cannot be applied consistently.

Inside table cells

A footnote superscript attached to a value — 48,210³ — MUST be tagged as 48,210<sup>3</sup>. Whether the marker stays in the cell is a separate question, answered by Marks and Symbols in Cells§9.6.6.

A raised marker that is itself Markdown punctuation is tagged and escaped: <sup>\*\*</sup> — see Escaping Printed Marks§7.2.4.

Related

• Text Formatting Conventions§7.1 — the full inline-markup table
• Marks and Symbols in Cells§9.6.6 — where a footnote marker inside a cell belongs
• Chemical Molecules§13.1 — formulas with subscripts
• Escaping Printed Marks§7.2.4 — when the raised marker is itself Markdown punctuation, it is escaped as well as tagged

7.2.12 Underlined Text

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-underlined-text · text formatting inline

subject to the <u>prior written consent</u> of the lessor

Markdown has no underline of its own, so the HTML element is used.

Why not the alternatives

<ins> means inserted text — an edit-history claim that a plain underline on a page does not make. _ text _ collides with Markdown emphasis and renders as italics.

Underline in a redline

An underline-only replacement in a redlined table — a new figure underlined in place of a struck one — is still written <u>1.335</u>, next to the struck value. See Struck and Replaced Values§9.6.7 for how the pair is encoded.

Related

• Text Formatting Conventions§7.1 — the full inline-markup table
• Struck and Replaced Values§9.6.7 — the redline pair of a struck value and its underlined replacement
• Bold and Italics§7.2.1 — the other inline styles, which do use Markdown syntax

7.2.13 Verse and Hard Line Breaks

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-verse-and-hard-line-breaks · text formatting line-breaks

Poetry, song text, addresses and deliberately broken lines carry meaning in their line breaks. Markdown joins single newlines into one paragraph when it renders, so the breaks vanish on screen unless they are marked.

your honor
since i've been convicted of murder
and have taken time to digest
just what that means

A plain newline keeps every printed line in the Markdown source, which is what the output is judged on; a rendered view that joins the lines is a display artefact. Trailing spaces are invisible and fragile, <br> puts markup on every line, and a fenced block turns the verse into code and loses its bold and italics. Inline marks stay per line: a bold line is **line**.

Prose has the opposite rule: a line break inside a paragraph is typesetting, and the sentence is joined. The question is only how to mark the lines when the break is the content. A verse line that is too long for its column and wraps is still one line: the wrap is joined like prose.

✅ Sample — a poem beside a biography

The left column is verse, set in bold: short lines, no punctuation at most line ends, each break intentional. Three lines are too long for the column and wrap (… through every / weather!, … on your lowest / stones, … that never / wavers — I think); each is one verse line. The right column is ordinary prose that wraps, then a QR code with its URL printed across two lines beneath it.

**old lighthouse**
**since I first walked this shingle as a girl**
**and have taken forty winters to notice**
**just what your light means**
**after counting the boats it has turned home**
**and how it reaches farther than any bell**
**or horn**
**you keep the same slow turn through every weather!**
**and never once hurried**
**in a calm, patient, unblinking manner**
**never asked the sea for its reasons**
**and never bent your beam to spare the rocks**
**which is a kind of honesty**
**I have only lately learned to keep**
**I have started to notice small things about you:**
**the gull that nests each spring on your gallery rail**
**the salt rings the tide leaves on your lowest stones**
**the rust blooming quietly at your door**
**the way fog softens your beam into a halo**
**the long calm between one flash and the next**
**the lamp-room ladder worn pale by other hands**
**the paint the keepers layer on each spring**
**feeling that this steadiness is a kind of instruction**
**and that there must**
**be something to learn from a light that never wavers — I think**
**patience is a shore we can still reach**

<!-- … -->

Related

• Line Breaks Inside a Block§6.2 — the same three spellings, for a block that merely wraps
• Bullets and Sub-Bullets§8.1 — the other place line structure carries meaning
• QR Codes and Bar Codes§7.3.7 — the code on the sample
• Links§7.2.8 — the URL is transcribed as raw text

7.3.1 Clipped Text

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-clipped-text · text fidelity layout

A page whose content runs past the printable edge: the last letters of a label, the end of a sentence, the right-hand column of a table are simply absent. Nothing is overprinted or redacted; the ink was never there.

Research and developmen        49,294     ← the final t is off the page
Selling, general, and administrative     41,515
Note: … These measures ar
not in compliance with … different from po
forma measures …

Requirements

• The visible fragment MUST be kept, verbatim — see Cell Text Fidelity§9.6.3. Dropping it loses printed content; completing it adds content that is not printed. See Never Drop, Never Invent§2.2.
• The clipping itself MUST NOT be marked inside the text. A producer MAY record that a page is clipped outside the Markdown.
• A clipped line inside a paragraph is joined to the next line like any other wrapped line; the fragment stays as printed.

✅ Sample — a statement cut at the right margin

Research and developmen in the stub, measures ar and from po in the note: the stub label and the note lines that reach the right edge lose their last characters.

<table>
  <!-- … -->
  <tr> <td>Cost of sales</td> <td>59,130</td> <td>63,865</td> <td>65,189</td> <td>263,067</td> <td>304,213</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Research and developmen</td> <td>49,294</td> <td>39,703</td> <td>48,449</td> <td>182,766</td> <td>170,869</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Selling, general, and administrative</td> <td>41,515</td> <td>47,806</td> <td>41,153</td> <td>168,484</td> <td>215,318</td> </tr>
  <tr> <td>Total costs and expenses</td> <td>149,939</td> <td>151,374</td> <td>154,791</td> <td>614,317</td> <td>690,400</td> </tr>
  <!-- … -->
</table>

Note: The company provides pro forma financial data as an alternative for understanding its operating results. These measures ar not in compliance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and may be different from po forma measures used by other companies

Related

• Cell Text Fidelity§9.6.3 — the image, not the text layer, decides what a value is
• Overlapping Text§7.3.6 — the other way a string becomes hard to read
• Ignoring and Rejecting§5.6 — a badly cropped page can be rejected; this page is not
• Never Drop, Never Invent§2.2 — the two failures a clipped word invites

7.3.2 E-Signature Tags

✅ Normative · 📄 page rule

text-e-signature-tags · text marks forms

Electronic signing tools print a small coloured tab beside each field the signer must complete — "SIGN", "INITIAL", an arrow. The tab is not a signature and not part of the form; it is an instruction to a future signer, often left in the exported file.

QUALIFYING DISABLED VETERAN'S   │ QUALIFYING DISABLED VETERAN'S   │ DATE
SIGNATURE                       │ PRINTED NAME                    │
▸SIGN                           │                                 │

Requirements

• The field MUST be rendered as unsigned: [blank], as for any blank field — see Fill-Ins§10.4.4.
• A tag's printed word MUST be kept, verbatim, beside the field and outside the field's value. The samples below place it on its own line directly after the field.
• A tag that prints no word adds nothing to the text.
• A page on which the signature fields carry only tags is unsigned. [signature] MUST NOT appear for such a field — see Signatures§7.3.10.

✅ Sample — signature cells with signing tabs

Two signature blocks, each a three-cell row. A small red tab reading SIGN▸ sits under "SIGNATURE" in the first cell of each; every cell is otherwise empty.

<!-- … -->


QUALIFYING DISABLED VETERAN’S SIGNATURE: [blank]
SIGN▸
QUALIFYING DISABLED VETERAN’S PRINTED NAME: [blank]
DATE: [blank]

✅ Sample — a tag beside a name line

A small red tab sits at the start of the Name**: line in the signature block, ahead of an otherwise blank ruled line. The tab prints no word, so nothing is added for it; every field in the block is blank.